tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61894859876117196872024-03-05T18:34:45.426-08:00Internet How To TutorialsInternet How To Tutorials and MoreCryptography Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05608504497658718080noreply@blogger.comBlogger47125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-76078028150427099092023-01-01T14:26:00.003-08:002023-01-01T14:26:59.786-08:00 How to run your own Swap node<p> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 32px;">How to run your own Swap node</span></p><div class="entry-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #6b6b6b; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 1.5em 0px 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">There are various reasons for running your own node for Swap, or for any other crypto project you are interested in for that matter. Those reasons range from supporting the network and increasing decentralization to protecting yourself from some forms of attack vectors designed to steal your assets. I can be up front and honest about my own mistakes. I lost some BTC to my own stupidity and a compromised remote node that my Electrum wallet had connected to for a transaction. Had I then, like now, process my BTC transactions through my own node, I would have never lost almost 1/2 a BTC due to a simple mistake.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Let that be a warning that ease of use many times can come with the cost of additional attack vectors that bad actors can use to try and steal your crypto! However, this is not what this article is about so back to getting your own Swap node running. Like always, you have your choice of Linux, Windows or Mac platforms. You can pick either the Command Line Interface or the Graphics User Interface version but either way, you are basically running the same swapd executable to fire up your node. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/3666089/90085315-4305e680-dd4a-11ea-9b92-0f73ced45ad1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="384" height="370" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/3666089/90085315-4305e680-dd4a-11ea-9b92-0f73ced45ad1.jpg" width="384" /></a></div><br /><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><a href="https://github.com/swap-dev/swap/releases" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff7761; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">https://github.com/swap-dev/swap/releases</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Once you have downloaded and extracted the files to your location of choice, simply execute the swapd binary. It’s really that easy, however if you have Linux and are not running Ubuntu 18, you might get some errors if you just try to run the precompiled binary due to libc6 version conflicts. If this is the case, as it was for me on Ubuntu 16, you will need to compile the software manually. The commands really are simple if you just copy and paste the following three commands:</p><ol style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">This will install all the required dependencies: <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">sudo apt-get install build-essential cmake pkg-config libboost-all-dev libssl-dev libzmq3-dev libunbound-dev libsodium-dev libreadline6-dev libpgm-dev</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">This will clone the entire repo, it is very important to use the –recursive tag! <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"> git clone –recursive https://github.com/swap-dev/swap</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">This will build the Swap daemon and also the wallet. <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">cd swap && mkdir build && cd build && cmake .. && make -j4 daemon simplewallet</span></li></ol><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Once the last command executes, two binary files will be created in the build/bin directory. Move them to a location of your choice and execute swapd. You will need to allow swapd access through your firewall, be it Windows or Linux. It will take the daemon time to sync for the first time. On my 4G wireless connection it took me about a day to sync the now over one million blocks that is the Swap ledger. My fiber connection took considerable time as well. In order to expedite the process Leafy has graciously offered up a web download of the raw blockchain file that is updated daily. It’s over 5GB in size and can be found <a href="https://node.pocketwhale.info/swap_blockchain.raw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff7761; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">here</a>.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">In order to import this file you MUST have the CLI version of the wallet on your computer. Included in the CLI wallet is a swap-blockchain-import binary. Please enter the commands below in a terminal from the Swap CLI client folder depending on your OS:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">For Linux:</p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">wget https://node.pocketwhale.info/swap_blockchain.raw</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">./swap-blockchain-import –verify 0 –input-file ./swap_blockchain.raw</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">For Windows:</p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Download file to Swap CLI wallet folder</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">monero-blockchain-import.exe –verify 0 –input-file ./swap_blockchain.raw</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Once the import has completed, you will need to run the daemon to complete your synchronization. The daemon will then start processing transactions and you can begin to use it as a node for your own wallets. You can now also use it for a Swap <a href="https://www.cointainer.life/2019/05/12/swap-micropool-your-definitive-guide-to-soloing-blocks-like-a-pro/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff7761; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">MicroPool</a>, which you can read about by following the <a href="https://www.cointainer.life/2019/05/12/swap-micropool-your-definitive-guide-to-soloing-blocks-like-a-pro/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff7761; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">MicroPool</a> link.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">If you have any questions you can always jump into our Discord Server <a href="https://discord.gg/egc4md9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff7761; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">here</a> for help and advice.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p></div><footer class="entry-meta" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #6b6b6b; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><span class="fa fa-link" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff7761; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; margin-right: 3px; text-rendering: auto;"></span> <a href="https://www.cointainer.life/2019/05/12/how-to-run-your-own-swap-node/" rel="bookmark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6b6b6b; font-size: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">permalink</a>.</footer>Cryptography Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05608504497658718080noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-33245263592461084062023-01-01T12:40:00.025-08:002023-01-01T13:52:49.178-08:00Apache2 Ubuntu Default Page: It works Apache2 Ubuntu Default Page<p> </p>
<html>
<head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta>
<title>Apache2 Ubuntu Default Page: It works Apache2 Ubuntu Default Page</title>
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background-color: #D8DBE2;
font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;
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position: relative;
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<div class="main_page">
<div class="page_header floating_element">
<img alt="Debian Logo" class="floating_element" src="/icons/openlogo-75.png" />
<span class="floating_element">
Apache2 Debian Default Page
</span>
</div>
<!-- <div class="table_of_contents floating_element">
<div class="section_header section_header_grey">
TABLE OF CONTENTS
</div>
<div class="table_of_contents_item floating_element">
<a href="#about">About</a>
</div>
<div class="table_of_contents_item floating_element">
<a href="#changes">Changes</a>
</div>
<div class="table_of_contents_item floating_element">
<a href="#scope">Scope</a>
</div>
<div class="table_of_contents_item floating_element">
<a href="#files">Config files</a>
</div>
</div>
-->
<div class="content_section floating_element">
<div class="section_header section_header_red">
<div id="about"></div>
It works!
</div>
<div class="content_section_text">
<p>
This is the default welcome page used to test the correct
operation of the Apache2 server after installation on Debian systems.
If you can read this page, it means that the Apache HTTP server installed at
this site is working properly. You should <b>replace this file</b> (located at
<tt>/var/www/html/index.html</tt>) before continuing to operate your HTTP server.
</p>
<p>
If you are a normal user of this web site and don't know what this page is
about, this probably means that the site is currently unavailable due to
maintenance.
If the problem persists, please contact the site's administrator.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section_header">
<div id="changes"></div>
Configuration Overview
</div>
<div class="content_section_text">
<p>
Debian's Apache2 default configuration is different from the
upstream default configuration, and split into several files optimized for
interaction with Debian tools. The configuration system is
<b>fully documented in
/usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian.gz</b>. Refer to this for the full
documentation. Documentation for the web server itself can be
found by accessing the <a href="/manual">manual</a> if the <tt>apache2-doc</tt>
package was installed on this server.
</p>
<p>
The configuration layout for an Apache2 web server installation on Debian systems is as follows:
</p>
<pre>
/etc/apache2/
|-- apache2.conf
| `-- ports.conf
|-- mods-enabled
| |-- *.load
| `-- *.conf
|-- conf-enabled
| `-- *.conf
|-- sites-enabled
| `-- *.conf
</pre>
<ul>
<li>
<tt>apache2.conf</tt> is the main configuration
file. It puts the pieces together by including all remaining configuration
files when starting up the web server.
</li>
<li>
<tt>ports.conf</tt> is always included from the
main configuration file. It is used to determine the listening ports for
incoming connections, and this file can be customized anytime.
</li>
<li>
Configuration files in the <tt>mods-enabled/</tt>,
<tt>conf-enabled/</tt> and <tt>sites-enabled/</tt> directories contain
particular configuration snippets which manage modules, global configuration
fragments, or virtual host configurations, respectively.
</li>
<li>
They are activated by symlinking available
configuration files from their respective
*-available/ counterparts. These should be managed
by using our helpers
<tt>
<a href="http://manpages.debian.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=a2enmod">a2enmod</a>,
<a href="http://manpages.debian.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=a2dismod">a2dismod</a>,
</tt>
<tt>
<a href="http://manpages.debian.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=a2ensite">a2ensite</a>,
<a href="http://manpages.debian.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=a2dissite">a2dissite</a>,
</tt>
and
<tt>
<a href="http://manpages.debian.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=a2enconf">a2enconf</a>,
<a href="http://manpages.debian.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=a2disconf">a2disconf</a>
</tt>. See their respective man pages for detailed information.
</li>
<li>
The binary is called apache2. Due to the use of
environment variables, in the default configuration, apache2 needs to be
started/stopped with <tt>/etc/init.d/apache2</tt> or <tt>apache2ctl</tt>.
<b>Calling <tt>/usr/bin/apache2</tt> directly will not work</b> with the
default configuration.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section_header">
<div id="docroot"></div>
Document Roots
</div>
<div class="content_section_text">
<p>
By default, Debian does not allow access through the web browser to
<em>any</em> file apart of those located in <tt>/var/www</tt>,
<a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_userdir.html">public_html</a>
directories (when enabled) and <tt>/usr/share</tt> (for web
applications). If your site is using a web document root
located elsewhere (such as in <tt>/srv</tt>) you may need to whitelist your
document root directory in <tt>/etc/apache2/apache2.conf</tt>.
</p>
<p>
The default Debian document root is <tt>/var/www/html</tt>. You
can make your own virtual hosts under /var/www. This is different
to previous releases which provides better security out of the box.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section_header">
<div id="bugs"></div>
Reporting Problems
</div>
<div class="content_section_text">
<p>
Please use the <tt>reportbug</tt> tool to report bugs in the
Apache2 package with Debian. However, check <a href="http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?ordering=normal;archive=0;src=apache2;repeatmerged=0">existing
bug reports</a> before reporting a new bug.
</p>
<p>
Please report bugs specific to modules (such as PHP and others)
to respective packages, not to the web server itself.
</p>
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</html>Cryptography Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05608504497658718080noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-85497703129427904142022-05-16T14:56:00.002-07:002022-05-16T15:17:48.344-07:00REF: RCA LED65G55R120Q MSTAR - 65" LED TV Specs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Remote-Control</h2><h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ1v6fzWBkbx3Wu4EG3ebL7zX4vJL2nYOQui02P_9n0wqCvJJY5WMmhe3AWceE-D3CSjz69ggspa3JaO3mZwdUo1Xt5DtF1THGaqQ-OTsExddqeM8DuJqXrGBKoAuUHFLEvpzbskWN9hAe0bDjbPcYXLsqMcGfmawv8Uad2bpqMpda7Mv4vxlU2BaJVw/s1200/RCA-Controler.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ1v6fzWBkbx3Wu4EG3ebL7zX4vJL2nYOQui02P_9n0wqCvJJY5WMmhe3AWceE-D3CSjz69ggspa3JaO3mZwdUo1Xt5DtF1THGaqQ-OTsExddqeM8DuJqXrGBKoAuUHFLEvpzbskWN9hAe0bDjbPcYXLsqMcGfmawv8Uad2bpqMpda7Mv4vxlU2BaJVw/s320/RCA-Controler.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLk3DDeuPHLHOJZ-Yg96A7iwPSD9YHf7anAr9yI2ucdlQBr40n2Q11C3X9fB51UJpVhbfa9vySEu4mQ6sHuyXjvq_8apk74YQyWv_K6hPsiOwl8TVfSwffakVAdLpLWTkh0v0OFN5urikc3G2S40lULCv-eumalJ0i5vscEksr96GHhHujbW5IpilHqQ/s1200/RCA-Controler-angle.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLk3DDeuPHLHOJZ-Yg96A7iwPSD9YHf7anAr9yI2ucdlQBr40n2Q11C3X9fB51UJpVhbfa9vySEu4mQ6sHuyXjvq_8apk74YQyWv_K6hPsiOwl8TVfSwffakVAdLpLWTkh0v0OFN5urikc3G2S40lULCv-eumalJ0i5vscEksr96GHhHujbW5IpilHqQ/s320/RCA-Controler-angle.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></h2>RCA 65' Display Angles and Descriptions.<br /><ul>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7CEzoJZJb8J2yVowVfIT5CO-msKQzlI2qn_fGstdmGmmJbuY14H6JmD_QWdYndzZ3JTWHxTpaEzrQIPxhaxZrhB0MyKpWRUuodF457B-uS18RHlVWPRgWYU6F5IPS0AnN2Wy0gbjzXWEf/s1600/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="500" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7CEzoJZJb8J2yVowVfIT5CO-msKQzlI2qn_fGstdmGmmJbuY14H6JmD_QWdYndzZ3JTWHxTpaEzrQIPxhaxZrhB0MyKpWRUuodF457B-uS18RHlVWPRgWYU6F5IPS0AnN2Wy0gbjzXWEf/s640/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2>
Video</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Refresh rate
</div>
<div class="col-5">
120 Hz
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Widescreen Modes
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Cinema,
Normal,
Wide,
Zoom
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Comb Filter
</div>
<div class="col-5">
3D digital
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Connections</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Type
</div>
<div class="col-5">
HDMI,
USB,
audio line-in,
composite video / component video input,
digital audio output (coaxial),
headphones
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Qty
</div>
<div class="col-5">
2
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Connector Type
</div>
<div class="col-5">
19 pin HDMI Type A,
4 pin USB Type A,
RCA,
RCA x 2,
RCA x 3,
mini-phone stereo 3.5 mm
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Connector Location
</div>
<div class="col-5">
rear </div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiICIAkc-0q4VfjdGF8P1LjuCxecq2j53gm0tz8WkgRSxvc65yBNUrSgHNr0M3drl4GaApxvrR5XqKVT2GoHrPvGrjGc-f2XA5KCTP8UeuPtHv_YZi_zKSa846DmCJ25Ig2363C6ZyU0VAP/s1600/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q_0.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="500" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiICIAkc-0q4VfjdGF8P1LjuCxecq2j53gm0tz8WkgRSxvc65yBNUrSgHNr0M3drl4GaApxvrR5XqKVT2GoHrPvGrjGc-f2XA5KCTP8UeuPtHv_YZi_zKSa846DmCJ25Ig2363C6ZyU0VAP/s640/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q_0.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
Miscellaneous</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Compliant Standards
</div>
<div class="col-5">
FCC,
UL
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Color
</div>
<div class="col-5">
piano black
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Color Category
</div>
<div class="col-5">
black
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Flat Panel Mount Interface
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Yes
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Component features</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Supported Audio Formats
</div>
<div class="col-5">
MP3,
WAV
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Supported Pictures Formats
</div>
<div class="col-5">
JPG
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
TV Tuner</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Reception System
</div>
<div class="col-5">
NTSC-M
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
TV Tuner Presence
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Yes
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Digital TV Tuner
</div>
<div class="col-5">
ATSC
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Analog TV Tuner
</div>
<div class="col-5">
NTSC
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Closed Caption Capability
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Yes
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Stereo Reception System
</div>
<div class="col-5">
MTS
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Secondary Audio Program (SAP)
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Yes
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga8xhp0MAqmEI4TCvLqkAsW2uQCZOfTn_Psg3VBeCQaSRgOQtHnQ7dyMmj8LHW-Z4UXNTzplT7vTrHe85Q_ind4xwLxbKms9BbHtP2SrqdQ_3ZBvSRa4Aqi6gFu6lIOxwbjYkpr6Gpbpj7/s1600/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q_4.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="450" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga8xhp0MAqmEI4TCvLqkAsW2uQCZOfTn_Psg3VBeCQaSRgOQtHnQ7dyMmj8LHW-Z4UXNTzplT7vTrHe85Q_ind4xwLxbKms9BbHtP2SrqdQ_3ZBvSRa4Aqi6gFu6lIOxwbjYkpr6Gpbpj7/s640/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q_4.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2>
Power</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Energy Consumption per Year
</div>
<div class="col-5">
190
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Header</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Brand
</div>
<div class="col-5">
RCA
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Product Line
</div>
<div class="col-5">
RCA
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Model
</div>
<div class="col-5">
LED65G55R120Q
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Series
</div>
<div class="col-5">
MSTAR
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
TV System</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Additional Features
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Digital Noise Reduction (DNR)
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Dimensions & Weight</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Width
</div>
<div class="col-5">
58.5 in
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Depth
</div>
<div class="col-5">
3.9 in
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Height
</div>
<div class="col-5">
34.4 in
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Weight
</div>
<div class="col-5">
48.72 lbs
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Comments
</div>
<div class="col-5">
without speakers
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPuUvY9x6-VYkDTjYEjgwN_DMXzkuPYnyOV110fGjsipDDT9oJZaB5IMzgS4UeUMsXxFurH5mgQ5hYIvCag5cLmDSQiKJ73YEPJUYNsZRTO3p8JEQ0Dc2YY_PBgdOvtbzuBJu1Oizwb56w/s1600/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q_1.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="450" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPuUvY9x6-VYkDTjYEjgwN_DMXzkuPYnyOV110fGjsipDDT9oJZaB5IMzgS4UeUMsXxFurH5mgQ5hYIvCag5cLmDSQiKJ73YEPJUYNsZRTO3p8JEQ0Dc2YY_PBgdOvtbzuBJu1Oizwb56w/s640/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q_1.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2>
Television</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Type
</div>
<div class="col-5">
LED-backlit LCD TV
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
LCD Backlight Technology
</div>
<div class="col-5">
LED backlight
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
LED Backlight Type
</div>
<div class="col-5">
rear-lit LED
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Video Interface
</div>
<div class="col-5">
HDMI,
component,
composite
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
HDMI Ports Qty
</div>
<div class="col-5">
2
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Diagonal Class
</div>
<div class="col-5">
65 in
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Diagonal Class (metric)
</div>
<div class="col-5">
165 cm
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Resolution
</div>
<div class="col-5">
1920 x 1080
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Display Format
</div>
<div class="col-5">
1080p (Full HD)
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Motion Enhancement Technology
</div>
<div class="col-5">
120Hz Refresh Rate
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Response Time
</div>
<div class="col-5">
6.5 ms
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Image Aspect Ratio
</div>
<div class="col-5">
16:9
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Dynamic Contrast Ratio
</div>
<div class="col-5">
5000:1
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Viewing Angle
</div>
<div class="col-5">
178°
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Viewing Angle (Vertical)
</div>
<div class="col-5">
178°
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Display Menu Language
</div>
<div class="col-5">
English,
French,
Spanish
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
HDCP Compatible
</div>
<div class="col-5">
yes
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Input Video Formats
</div>
<div class="col-5">
1080i,
1080p,
480i,
480p,
720p
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Parental Channel Lock
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Yes
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Additional Features
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Digital Noise Reduction (DNR)
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLzMMrj13Rc2ngKfmJz8Tj3-sgu6mvNd3uc8uLpcwJu-346v0hGArpOzSDIw18h_Yovu3lF3X5WuCrbp5Vec8gOe16kVBIm172dRgsoakeCoJ-AUVqhKbkTT07k440LraXWvPoOyK-QsNx/s1600/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q_2.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="450" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLzMMrj13Rc2ngKfmJz8Tj3-sgu6mvNd3uc8uLpcwJu-346v0hGArpOzSDIw18h_Yovu3lF3X5WuCrbp5Vec8gOe16kVBIm172dRgsoakeCoJ-AUVqhKbkTT07k440LraXWvPoOyK-QsNx/s640/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q_2.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
Audio System</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Output Power / Total
</div>
<div class="col-5">
16 Watt
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Speaker System
</div>
<div class="col-5">
2 speakers
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Radio</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Type
</div>
<div class="col-5">
none
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
DVD</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Type
</div>
<div class="col-5">
none
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Media Player</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Supported Audio Formats
</div>
<div class="col-5">
MP3,
WAV
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Supported Pictures Formats
</div>
<div class="col-5">
JPG
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
USB Port
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Yes
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
USB Ports Qty
</div>
<div class="col-5">
1
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Network & Internet Multimedia</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Connect & Share
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Mobile High-Definition Link (MHL)
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJeHHE7gyFj29rqbuJofbGPKJNcXZxf9l61CIPQVxRZ-3ufs7yJfqf-wYd0r8lPPE5vQioq1PBiwEpYcx4H8cFbQYy2fTQ6xpcUtGXRvowe6K_PkHIrzfWlCynF6mqgUvi9Do8Yr7AybqJ/s1600/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q_3.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="450" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJeHHE7gyFj29rqbuJofbGPKJNcXZxf9l61CIPQVxRZ-3ufs7yJfqf-wYd0r8lPPE5vQioq1PBiwEpYcx4H8cFbQYy2fTQ6xpcUtGXRvowe6K_PkHIrzfWlCynF6mqgUvi9Do8Yr7AybqJ/s640/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q_3.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2>
Speaker System Details</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Speaker Type
</div>
<div class="col-5">
main channel speaker
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Speaker Qty
</div>
<div class="col-5">
2
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Speaker Form Factor
</div>
<div class="col-5">
built-in
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Nominal (RMS) Output Power
</div>
<div class="col-5">
8 Watt
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Power Device</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Type
</div>
<div class="col-5">
power supply
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Nominal Voltage
</div>
<div class="col-5">
AC 120/230 V
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Frequency Required
</div>
<div class="col-5">
50/60 Hz
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Power Consumption Operational
</div>
<div class="col-5">
102 Watt
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Power Consumption Stand by
</div>
<div class="col-5">
0.3 Watt
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Stands & Mounts</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Stand
</div>
<div class="col-5">
included
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Stand Design
</div>
<div class="col-5">
tabletop
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Flat Panel Mount Interface
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Yes
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h2>
Dimensions & Weight (Shipping)</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Shipping Width
</div>
<div class="col-5">
63.4 in
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Shipping Depth
</div>
<div class="col-5">
8.5 in
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Shipping Height
</div>
<div class="col-5">
38.6 in
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Shipping Weight
</div>
<div class="col-5">
67 lbs
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Width (Shipping)
</div>
<div class="col-5">
63.4 in
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Weight (Shipping)
</div>
<div class="col-5">
67 lbs
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCj9Z6WI70L2aN9H3PhA1je15jAyQ1_oZDowk5HJWto7KmnZMWHPwUvBeoYd0vCZVoyPbF4SELeOZvHg4eeNrwfd8dsJP_zTPvQVuUKN1nbmautS1HjkiB7HX13PxkTMJ2tlSIpbmTuaAz/s1600/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q_6.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCj9Z6WI70L2aN9H3PhA1je15jAyQ1_oZDowk5HJWto7KmnZMWHPwUvBeoYd0vCZVoyPbF4SELeOZvHg4eeNrwfd8dsJP_zTPvQVuUKN1nbmautS1HjkiB7HX13PxkTMJ2tlSIpbmTuaAz/s640/RCA-LED-65-55-R1-120Q_6.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2>
Dimensions & Weight Details</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Details
</div>
<div class="col-5">
panel with stand,
panel without stand
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Width
</div>
<div class="col-5">
58.5 in
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Depth
</div>
<div class="col-5">
13 in,
3.9 in
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Height
</div>
<div class="col-5">
34.4 in,
35.7 in
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Weight
</div>
<div class="col-5">
48.7 lbs
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
General</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Video Interface
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Component, composite, HDMI
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Timer Functions
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Sleep
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
HDCP Compatible
</div>
<div class="col-5">
Yes
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
HDMI Ports Qty
</div>
<div class="col-5">
2 ports
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="col-3">
Power Consumption Operational
</div>
<div class="col-5">
102 Watt
</div>
</li>
<li> <div class="col-3">
Manufacturer</div>
<div class="col-5">
RCA</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
General</h2>
<ul>
<li> <div class="col-3">
Manufacturer</div>
<div class="col-5">
RCA</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div>
<h3 class="wtbHed">
Where to Buy
<a class="seeAll" href="https://www.cnet.com/products/rca-led65g55r120q-mstar-65-led-tv/prices/">
See All</a></h3>
<h3 class="wtbHed">
</h3>
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" class="tborder" id="post685805" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr valign="top"><td class="alt1" data-darkreader-inline-border-right="" id="td_post_685805" style="--darkreader-inline-border-right: #33334d; border-right: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 225);"><div id="post_message_685805">
+1. so beside blown HDMI IC, some other sections of the mainboard may be damaged also.</div>
<div id="post_message_685805">
<br />
Time for new mainboard.</div>
<div>
__________________<br />
Never stop learning <br />
Basic LCD TV and Monitor troubleshooting guides.<br />
<a href="https://www.badcaps.net/forum/showthread.php?p=305956#post305956" target="_blank">http://www.badcaps.net/forum/showthr...956#post305956</a><br />
<br />
Voltage Regulator (LDO) testing:<br />
<a href="https://www.badcaps.net/forum/showthread.php?p=300999#post300999" target="_blank">http://www.badcaps.net/forum/showthr...999#post300999</a><br />
<br />
Inverter testing using old CFL:<br />
<a href="https://www.badcaps.net/forum/showthread.php?t=19987&highlight=inverter+testing+cfl" target="_blank">http://www.badcaps.net/forum/showthr...er+testing+cfl</a><br />
<br />
Tear down pictures: Hit the ">" Show Albums and stories" on the left side<br />
<a href="http://s807.photobucket.com/user/budm/library/" target="_blank">http://s807.photobucket.com/user/budm/library/</a><br />
<br />
TV Factory reset codes listing:<br />
<a href="https://www.badcaps.net/forum/showthread.php?t=24809" target="_blank">http://www.badcaps.net/forum/showthread.php?t=24809</a>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="alt2" data-darkreader-inline-border-bottom="" data-darkreader-inline-border-left="" data-darkreader-inline-border-right="" data-darkreader-inline-border-top="" style="--darkreader-inline-border-bottom: #33334d; --darkreader-inline-border-left: #33334d; --darkreader-inline-border-right: #33334d; --darkreader-inline-border-top: currentcolor; border-color: currentcolor rgb(209, 209, 225) rgb(209, 209, 225); border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px;"><img alt="budm is offline" border="0" class="inlineimg" src="https://www.badcaps.net/forum/images/statusicon/user_offline.gif" title="budm is offline" />
</td>
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Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-1674729775418756642022-01-11T23:34:00.001-08:002022-01-11T23:35:51.248-08:00Dell Precision Series, Model, Release-Date, CPU, Chipset, RAM-Max, GPU, Storage, Screen (Reference)<h1 style="text-align: left;">Dell Precision Series, Model, Release-Date, CPU, Chipset, RAM-Max, GPU, Storage, Screen (Reference) </h1><h2 style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><span class="mw-headline" id="3000,_5000,_7000_Series_(2015–current)">3000, 5000, 7000 Series (2015–current)</span></h2><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Dell-Latitude Series</h3>Dell announced a new series of Latitude laptops in August 2013: the 3000 series, the 5000 series and the 7000 series. In October 2015, Dell announced the first generation of Precision mobile workstations of this series with model numbers 3510, 5510, 7510 and 7710. In January 2017, Dell announced the second generation laptops in this series with model numbers 3520, 5520, 7520 and 7720. In April 2018, Dell announced the third generation of laptops in this series with model numbers 3530, 5530, 7530 and 7730. In May 2019 Dell announced the 4th Generation of the 55xx and 7xxx series mobile workstations with the release of the 5540, 7540 and 7740 models.<br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;">All first generation (xx10) Precision Series</h4>Dell Precision laptops (except the 5510) are compatible with the E-Series Advanced Port Replicators. The second generation (xx20) Precision laptops support the E-Series docking station for the 7520 and 7720 models, but not for the 3520 and 5520 models. The third generation (xx30) Precision laptops no longer support the E-Series docking station.<table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.875px; margin: 1em 0px; text-align: center; width: 784px;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 66.9062px;">Model</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><small style="font-size: 12.6438px;">Release</small></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 49.2656px;">Weight</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 120.234px;">CPU</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><small style="font-size: 12.6438px;">Chipset</small></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Memory <sup style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1;">(max)</sup></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Graphics</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Storage</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Screen</th></tr><tr><th colspan="9" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">17.3" Ultimate</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 7750</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 2020</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 206, 173); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.13 kg (6.9 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">i5-10400H (4 Core, 8MB Cache, 2.60 GHz to 4.60 GHz)<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i7-10750H (6 Core, 12MB Cache, 2.60 GHz to 5.00 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i7-10850H (6 Core, 12MB Cache, 2.70 GHz to 5.10 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i7-10875H (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.30 GHz to 5.10 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i9-10885H (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.40 GHz to 5.30 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Xeon W-10855M (6 Core, 12MB Cache, 2.80 GHz to 5.10 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Xeon W-10885M (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.40 GHz to 5.30 GHz)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">WM490</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">128GB (ECC) 3200 MHz</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel UHD Graphics<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro T1000 (4GB GDDR6)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro RTX 3000 (6GB GDDR6)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro RTX 4000 (8GB GDDR6)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro RTX 5000 (16GB GDDR6)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">(4x) PCIe NVMe</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">17.3" FHD WVA 220 nits<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">17.3" FHD WVA 500 nits</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">17.3" UHD WVA 500 nits</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_stick" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pointing stick">pointing stick</a> dropped; reduced keyboard layout.</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 7740</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jul 2019</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 206, 173); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.08 kg (6.8 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">i5-9400H(4 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core_processor" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Multi-core processor">cores</a>, 8M Cache, 2.50GHz Up to 4.30GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i7-9750H (6 core, 12M <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CPU cache">Cache</a>, 2.60GHz Up to 4.50GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i7-9850H (6 core, 12M Cache, 2.60GHz Up to 4.60GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i9-9880H (8 core, 16M Cache, 2.30GHz Up to 4.80GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i9-9980HK (8 core, 16M Cache, 2.80GHz Up to 5.00GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Xeon E-2276M (6 core, 12M Cache, 2.80GHz Up to 4.70GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Xeon E-2286M (8 core, 16M Cache, 2.40GHz Up to 5.00GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM246</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">128GB<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> (non-ECC) 2667 MHz<br />64GB (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ECC memory">ECC</a>\non-ECC) 2667 MHz<br />32GB (non-ECC) 2933 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (4 slots)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel HD GFX<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Radeon Pro WX 7130 (8GB GDDR5)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">or WX 3200 (4GB GDDR5)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Nvidia Quadro RTX 3000 (6GB GDDR6)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">or Quadro RTX 4000 (8GB GDDR6)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">or Quadro RTX 5000 (16GB GDDR6)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">(4x) PCle NVMe or<br /><br />(3x) PCIe NVMe and<br />(1x) 2.5” HDDs (up to 8TB)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">17.3" HD+ TN 1600x900<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">17.3" UltraSharp FHD IPS 1920x1080</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">17.3" UltraSharp UHD IGZO 3840x2160</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 7730</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jun 2018</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 206, 173); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.17 kg (7.0 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i5-8300H (4 core)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><br />i5-8400H (4 core)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><br />i7-8750H (6 core)<br />i7-8850H (6 core)<br />i9-8950HK (6 core)<br />Xeon E-2176M (6 core)<br />Xeon E-2186M (6 core)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM246</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">128GB<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> (non-ECC) 2667 MHz<br />64GB (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ECC memory">ECC</a>\non-ECC) 2667 MHz<br />32GB (non-ECC) 2933 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (4 slots)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel UHD P630 or UHD 630<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: grey;">+ NVIDIA Quadro<br />P3200 (6GB GDDR5)<br />or P4200 (8GB GDDR5)<br />or P5200 (16GB GDDR5)</span></p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">3 M.2 x4;<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">+ 1 M.2 x4 or SATA</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1600x900 TN<br />1920×1080 IPS<br />3840×2160 IGZO touch</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">First 17" Precision with a touch screen as option; <span style="color: grey;">Windows 10 Pro</span></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 7720</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Mar 2017</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 206, 173); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.42 kg (7.5 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Intel Core<br />i5-7300HQ (4 core, 6M <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CPU cache">Cache</a>, 2.50GHz Up to 3.50GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup><br />i5-7440HQ (4 core, 6M Cache, 2.80GHz Up to 3.80GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><br />i7-7700HQ (4 core, 6M Cache, 2.80GHz Up to 3.80GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup><br />i7-7820HQ (4 core, 8M Cache, 2.90GHz Up to 3.90GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><br />i7-7920HQ (4 core, 8M Cache, 3.10GHz Up to 4.10GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br />intel Xeon<br />E3-1505M v6 (4 core, 8M Cache, 3.00GHz Up to 4.00GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup><br />E3-1535M v6 (4 core, 8M Cache, 3.10GHz Up to 4.20GHz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM238</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">128GB (non-ECC)<br />64GB (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ECC memory">ECC</a>\non-ECC) 2400 MHz<br />32GB<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-max8gb_25-0" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-max8gb-25" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup> (non-ECC) 2667 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (4 slots)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Intel Iris Pro P580, HD P580 or HD 630<br /><span style="color: grey;">+ Radeon Pro<br />WX 7100 (8GB GDDR5)<br />or NVIDIA Quadro<br />M1200 (4GB GDDR5)<br />or P3000 (6GB GDDR5)<br />or P4000 (8GB GDDR5)<br />or P5000 (16GB GDDR5)</span></p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">2 M.2 x4;<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">+ 1 M.2 x4 or SATA</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup></p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1600x900 TN LED<br />1920×1080 IPS LED<br />3840×2160 IGZO LED</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Last Precision with a MXM slot, 7730 uses a proprietary DGFF module; <span style="color: grey;">Windows 10 Pro 64-bit / Ubuntu 16.04LTS</span></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 17 7000 (7710)</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2015</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 206, 173); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.42 kg (7.5 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Intel Core<br />i5-6300HQ<br />i7-6820HQ<br />i7-6920HQ<br />intel Xeon<br />E3-1505M<br />E3-1535M<br />E3-1545M<br />E3-1575M</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM236</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">128GB (non-ECC)<br />64GB (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ECC memory">ECC</a>\non-ECC) 2133 MHz<br />32GB<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-max8gb_25-1" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-max8gb-25" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup> (non-ECC) 2667 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (4 slots)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Iris Pro P580, HD P530 or HD 530<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: grey;">+ AMD FirePro<br />W5170M (2GB GDDR5)<br />or W7170M (4GB GDDR5)<br />or NVIDIA Quadro<br />M3000M (4GB GDDR5)<br />or M4000M (4GB GDDR5)<br />or M5000M (8GB GDDR5)</span></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1920×1080 IPS anti-glare LED<br />3840×2160 IGZO anti-glare LED</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Covet Edition dropped, IPS screen reintroduced, 4K screen introduced; <span style="color: grey;">Windows 7 Pro 64-bit / Windows 10 / Ubuntu 14.04LTS</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="9" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">15.6" Ultimate</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 7550</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2020</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(253, 241, 161); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.49 kg (5.5 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">i5-10400H (4 Core, 8MB Cache, 2.60 GHz to 4.60 GHz)<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i7-10750H (6 Core, 12MB Cache, 2.60 GHz to 5.00 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i7-10850H (6 Core, 12MB Cache, 2.70 GHz to 5.10 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i7-10875H (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.30 GHz to 5.10 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i9-10885H (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.40 GHz to 5.30 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Xeon W-10855M (6 Core, 12MB Cache, 2.80 GHz to 5.10 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Xeon W-10885M (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.40 GHz to 5.30 GHz)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">WM490</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">128GB (ECC) 3200 MHz</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel UHD Graphics<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro T1000 (4GB GDDR6)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro T2000 (4GB GDDR6)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro RTX 3000 (6GB GDDR6)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro RTX 4000 (8GB GDDR6)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro RTX 5000 (16GB GDDR6)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">(3x) PCIe NVMe</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 7540</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2019</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">I5-9400H (4 core, 8MB Cache, 2.50 GHz to 4.30 GHz)<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">I7-9750H (6 core, 12MB Cache, 2.60 GHz to 4.50 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">I7-9850H (6 core, 12MB Cache, 2.60 GHz to 4.60 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">I9-9880H (8 core, 16MB Cache, 2.30 GHz to 4.80 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">I9-9980H (8 core, 16MB Cache, 2.40 GHz to 5.00 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Xeon E-2276M (6 core, 12MB Cache, 2.80 GHz to 4.70 GHz)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Xeon E-2286M (8 core, 16MB Cache, 2.40 GHz to 5.00 GHz)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM246</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel UHD Graphics P630<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Radeon Pro WX 3200 (4GB GDDR5)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro T1000 (4GB GDDR5)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro T2000 (4GB GDDR5)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro RTX 3000 (6GB GDDR6)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro RTX 4000 (8GB GDDR6)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NVIDIA Quadro RTX 5000 (16GB GDDR6)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 7530</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jun 2018</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(253, 241, 161); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.6 kg (5.7 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i5-8300H (4 core)<br />i5-8400H (4 core)<br />i7-8750H (6 core)<br />i7-8850H (6 core)<br />i9-8950HK (6 core)<br />Xeon E-2176M (6 core)<br />Xeon E-2186M (6 core)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM246</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">128GB (non-ECC) 2667 MHz<br />64GB (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ECC memory">ECC</a>\non-ECC) 2667 MHz<br />32GB (non-ECC) 2933 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (4 slots)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel UHD P630 or UHD 630<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: grey;">+ NVIDIA Quadro<br />P1000 (4GB GDDR5)<br />or P2000 (4GB GDDR5)<br />or P3200 (6GB GDDR5)</span></p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">2 M.2 x4;<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">+ 1 M.2 x4 or SATA</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1920×1080 TN<br />1920×1080 UltraSharp IPS<br />1920×1080 UltraSharp IPS touch<br />3840×2160 IGZO</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: grey;">Windows 10 Pro</span></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 7520</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Mar 2017</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.8 kg (6.2 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Intel Core<br />i5-7300HQ<br />i5-7440HQ<br />i7-7700HQ<br />i7-7820HQ<br />i7-7920HQ<br />intel Xeon<br />E3-1505M v6<br />E3-1535M v6</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM238</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">128GB (non-ECC)<br />64GB (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ECC memory">ECC</a>\non-ECC) 2400 MHz<br />32GB<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-max8gb_25-2" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-max8gb-25" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup> (non-ECC) 2667 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (4 slots)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Intel Iris Pro P580, HD P580 or HD 630<br /><span style="color: grey;">+ Radeon Pro<br />WX 4130 (2GB GDDR5)<br />or WX 4150 (4GB GDDR5)<br />or NVIDIA Quadro<br />M1200 (4GB GDDR5)<br />or M2200 (4GB GDDR5)</span></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1920×1080 IPS (Option touch)<br />3840×2160 IGZO anti-glare LED</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Along the 7720 the last PMWs with a dock port and a MXM slot, 7530 and 7730 use the Dell proprietary DGFF video card; <span style="color: grey;">Windows 10 Pro 64-bit / Ubuntu 16.04LTS</span></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 15 7000 (7510)</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2015</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.79 kg (6.2 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Intel Core<br />i5-6300HQ<br />i7-6820HQ<br />i7-6920HQ<br />intel Xeon<br />E3-1505M<br />E3-1535M<br />E3-1545M<br />E3-1575M</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM236</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">128GB (non-ECC)<br />64GB (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ECC memory">ECC</a>\non-ECC) 2133 MHz<br />32GB<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-max8gb_25-3" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-max8gb-25" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup> (non-ECC) 2667 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (4 slots)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Intel HD P530 or HD 530<br /><span style="color: grey;">+ AMD FirePro<br />W5170M (2GB GDDR5)<br />or NVIDIA Quadro<br />M1000M (2GB GDDR5)<br />or M2000M (4GB GDDR5)</span></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1920×1080 TN anti-glare LED<br />1920×1080 IPS anti-glare LED<br />1920×1080 IPS Touch LED<br />3840×2160 IGZO anti-glare LED</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: grey;">Windows 7 Pro 64 / Windows 10 Pro 64-bit / Ubuntu 14.04LTS</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="9" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">15.6" Mainstream</th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 5750</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 2020</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 5550</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jun 2020</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1.85 kg (4.1 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i5-10400H (4 core)<br />i7-10750H (6 core)<br />i7-10850H (6 core)<br />i7-10875H (8 core)<br />i7-10885H (8 core)<br />Xeon W-10855M(6 core)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM246</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">64GB (non-ECC) 2933 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (2 slots)</p></td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel UHD<br /><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: grey;">+ NVIDIA Quadro<br />T1000 (4GB GDDR5)<br />or T2000 (4GB GDDR5)</span></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1920×1200 IGZO<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">3840×2400 IGZO touch</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Windows 10 Pro</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">First Precision since the 2010's M6500 to feature a 16:10 display</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 5540<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.9px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jul 2019</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1.78 kg (3.9 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i9-9980HK (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.40GHz to 5.00GHz)<br />i9-9880H (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.30GHz to 4.80GHz)<br />Xeon E-2276M (6 Core, 12M Cache, 2.80GHz to 4.70GHz)<br />i7-9850H (6 Core, 12M Cache, 2.60GHz to 4.6GHz Turbo)<br />i7-9750H (6 Core, 12M Cache, 2.60GHz to 4.5GHz Turbo)<br />i5-9400H (4 Core, 8M Cache, 2.50GHz to 4.3GHz Turbo)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM246</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">64GB (non-ECC) 2667 MHz <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (2 slots)</td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel UHD 630 or P630 for Xeon<br /><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: grey;">+ NVIDIA Quadro T1000 w/4GB GDDR5<br />+ NVIDIA Quadro T2000 w/4GB GDDR5<br /></span></p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1 x M.2 PCIe NVMe<br />1 x 2.5" SATA</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1920×1080 Anti-Glare IPS<br />3840×2160 IGZO Touch<br />3840×2160 OLED</p></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 5530</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jun 2018</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1.78 kg (3.9 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i5-8300H (4 core)<br />i5-8400H (4 core)<br />i7-8850H (6 core)<br />i9-8950HK (6 core)<br />Xeon E-2176M (6 core)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM246</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">64GB (non-ECC) 2667 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (2 slots; <span style="color: red;">soldered in 2-in-1 version</span>)</p></td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel UHD P630 or UHD 630<br /><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: grey;">+ NVIDIA Quadro<br />P1000 (4GB GDDR5)<br />or P2000 (4GB GDDR5)</span></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1920×1080 IGZO<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">3840×2160 IGZO touch</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Windows 10 Pro</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Based on the XPS 15 9570, 2-in-1 version based on a XPS 15 9575 chassis.</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 5520</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jan 2017</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1.78 kg (3.9 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Intel Core<br />i5-7300HQ<br />i5-7440HQ<br />i7-7820HQ<br />Xeon E3-1505M v6</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM238</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">64GB (non-ECC) 2400 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (2 slots)</p></td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel HD 630 or P630<br /><span style="color: grey;">+ NVIDIA Quadro<br />M1200 (4GB GDDR5)</span></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 M.2 x4;<br />+ 1 SATA</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1920×1080 IPS anti-glare LED<br />3840×2160 IGZO Touch LED</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Reduced usability due to shallow keyboard; <span style="color: grey;">Windows 10, Ubuntu 16.04 LTS</span>, Anniversary Edition available with Abyss Black chassis</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 15 5000 (5510)</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2015</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1.78 kg (3.9 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel core i5-6300HQ<br />i7-6820HQ<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Xeon E3-1505M v5</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM236</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">64GB (non-ECC) 2133 MHz<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (2 slots)</td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel HD 530 or P530<br /><span style="color: grey;">+ NVIDIA Quadro M1000M (2GB GDDR5)</span></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 x M.2 PCIe NVMe;<br />+ 1 x 2.5" SATA (requires smaller 56Wh battery)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1920×1080 IPS anti-glare LED<br />3840×2160 IGZO Touch LED</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Reduced usability due to shallow keyboard and narrowed size of Enter/Return key; <span style="color: grey;">Windows 7 Pro 64, Windows 10, Ubuntu 14.04 LTS</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="9" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">15.6" Entry-level</th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 3560</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jan 2021</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 3551</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 2020</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 3550</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 2020</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 3541</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 3540</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2019</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 3530</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jun 2018</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.03 kg (4.5 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Intel core<br />i5-8300H (4 core)<br />i5-8400H (4 core)<br />i7-8750H (6 core)<br />i7-8850H (6 core)<br />Xeon E-2176M (6 core)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM246</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">64GB (non-ECC)<br />32GB (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ECC memory">ECC</a>\non-ECC) 2400 MHz or<br />32GB (non-ECC) 2667 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (2 slots)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(253, 241, 161); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel UHD 630 or UHD P630<br /><span style="color: grey;">+ NVIDIA Quadro P600 (4GB GDDR5)</span></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 M.2 x4;<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">+ 1 M.2 x4 or SATA</p></td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Windows 10 Pro<br />Ubuntu 16.04</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1366×768 TN<br />1920×1080 IPS<br />1920×1080 IPS touch</p></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 3520</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jan 2017</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.21 kg (4.9 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel core i5 (7440HQ, 7300HQ)<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i7 (7700HQ, 7820HQ)<br />Xeon E3-1505M v6</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM238</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">64GB (non-ECC)<br />32GB (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ECC memory">ECC</a>\non-ECC) 2400 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (2 slots)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(253, 241, 161); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel HD 630 or P630<br /><span style="color: grey;">+ NVIDIA Quadro M620 (2GB GDDR5)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1366×768 TN LED<br />1920×1080 IPS LED<br />1920×1080 Touch LED</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_stick" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pointing stick">Trackpoint</a> is optional; based on a Latitude 5580 chassis. <span style="color: grey;">Windows 10, Ubuntu 16.04 LTS</span></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 15 3000 (3510)</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2015</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.23 kg (4.9 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Intel core i5 (6300HQ)<br />i7 (6700HQ, 6820HQ)<br />Xeon E3-1505M v5</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">CM236</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">64GB (non-ECC)<br />32GB (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ECC memory">ECC</a>\non-ECC) 2133 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR4 SDRAM">DDR4</a> (2 slots)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(253, 241, 161); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel HD 530 or P530<br /><span style="color: grey;">+ AMD FirePro W5130M (2GB GDDR5)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1366×768 TN anti-glare LED<br />1920×1080 IPS anti-glare LED<br />1920×1080 Touch anti-glare LED</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: grey;">Windows 7 Pro 64, Windows 10, Ubuntu 14.04 LTS</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha" style="font-size: 13.3875px; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; font-size: 13.3875px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><li id="cite_note-max8gb-25" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-max8gb_25-0" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.71px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-max8gb_25-1" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.71px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-max8gb_25-2" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.71px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-max8gb_25-3" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.71px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">max 8GB per slot</span></li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id="Precision_Mobile_Thin_.26_Light_.28XPS_15_based.29_.282013-2015.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Precision_Mobile_Thin_&_Light_(XPS_15_based)_(2013-2015)">Precision Mobile Thin & Light (XPS 15 based) (2013-2015)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Precision&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Precision Mobile Thin & Light (XPS 15 based) (2013-2015)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.875px; margin: 1em 0px; text-align: center; width: 784px;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 66.9062px;">Model</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><small style="font-size: 12.6438px;">Release</small></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 49.2656px;">Weight</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 120.234px;">CPU</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Chipset</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Memory <sup style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1;">(max)</sup></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Graphics</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Storage</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Screen</th></tr><tr><th colspan="9" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">15,6" Ultraportable</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision<br />M3800 (2015)</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jan 2015</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1.88 kg (4.1 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core<br />i7-4712HQ (4 x 2.3 GHz, 6 MB L3)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel HM87</td><td class="partial table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">16 GB <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3L_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR3L SDRAM">DDR3L</a> (2 slots) 1600 MHz</td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">NVIDIA Quadro K1100M (2GB GDDR5)</td><td class="partial table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 mSATA;<br />Option + 1 SATA</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1920x1080 touch<br />3840x2160 IGZO touch</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Re-launched with an Intel i7 (4712HQ) processor, adds Thunderbolt 2, and an option for 4k Ultra HD Ultratouch display.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision<br />M3800</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Nov 2013</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1.88 kg (4.1 lb)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core<br />i7-4702HQ (4 x 2.2 GHz, 6 MB L3)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel HM87</td><td class="partial table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">16 GB <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3L_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR3L SDRAM">DDR3L</a> (2 slots) 1600 MHz</td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">NVIDIA Quadro K1100M (2GB GDDR5)</td><td class="partial table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 mSATA;<br />Option + 1 SATA</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1920x1080<br />3200x1800 touch</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Identical case to the XPS 15 (9530)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id="Latitude_E_Series_based_.282008-2014.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Latitude_E_Series_based_(2008-2014)">Latitude E Series based (2008-2014)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Precision&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Latitude E Series based (2008-2014)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 16.45px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019-03-12_Wikipedia_Hannover,_Notebooks_f%C3%BCr_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge,_arabische_Tastatur_(01).jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3264" data-file-width="4928" decoding="async" height="146" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2019-03-12_Wikipedia_Hannover%2C_Notebooks_f%C3%BCr_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge%2C_arabische_Tastatur_%2801%29.jpg/220px-2019-03-12_Wikipedia_Hannover%2C_Notebooks_f%C3%BCr_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge%2C_arabische_Tastatur_%2801%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2019-03-12_Wikipedia_Hannover%2C_Notebooks_f%C3%BCr_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge%2C_arabische_Tastatur_%2801%29.jpg/330px-2019-03-12_Wikipedia_Hannover%2C_Notebooks_f%C3%BCr_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge%2C_arabische_Tastatur_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2019-03-12_Wikipedia_Hannover%2C_Notebooks_f%C3%BCr_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge%2C_arabische_Tastatur_%2801%29.jpg/440px-2019-03-12_Wikipedia_Hannover%2C_Notebooks_f%C3%BCr_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge%2C_arabische_Tastatur_%2801%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 15.463px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019-03-12_Wikipedia_Hannover,_Notebooks_f%C3%BCr_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge,_arabische_Tastatur_(01).jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Precision M4500</div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Dell launched the E Series of laptops on August 12, 2008 with a collection of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Latitude" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dell Latitude">Latitude</a> (E4200, E5400, E5500, E6400, E6500, E6400 ATG/XFR) and Precision (M4400, M2400) computers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> Both the Latitude and Precision computers are compatible with the new E Series docking stations (E-Port and E-Port Plus). Notably, the 17" models do not share a chassis with the Inspiron series anymore, and starting with the M4600 the 15" Precisions do not share a Latitude chassis either. QHD, UHD and RGBLED IPS models have a disabled iGPU. This has several downsides: the power consumption during low load is high and thus the battery runtimes clearly suffer despite the high-capacity battery, and Intel's QuickSync Video cannot be used. AMD GPU equipped models before the M4800/M6800 also do not support AMD Enduro Switchable Graphics.</p><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.875px; margin: 1em 0px; text-align: center; width: 803.781px;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 66.9062px;">Model</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><small style="font-size: 12.6438px;">Release</small></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 49.2656px;">Weight</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><small style="font-size: 12.6438px;">CPU Socket</small></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 137.938px;">CPU</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><small style="font-size: 12.6438px;">Chipset</small></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 72.6719px;">Memory <sup style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1;">(max)</sup></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Graphics<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.9px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Storage</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Screen</th></tr><tr><th colspan="10" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">17" Ultimate</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M6800</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Sep 2013</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 204, 204); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.57 kg (7.9 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">G3</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core i5 (4200M, 4300M),<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i7 (4600M, 4700MQ, 4800MQ, 4810MQ, 4900MQ, 4910MQ, 4930MX, 4940MX)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel QM87</td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">32 GB (4 slots for 4 cores)<br />16 GB (2 slots for 2 cores)<br /><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3L_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR3L SDRAM">DDR3L</a> 1600 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">(or 16 GB of 1866 MHz)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">intel HD 4600<br /><span style="color: grey;">+ AMD FirePro M6100 (2 GB GDDR5) or NVIDIA Quadro<br />K3100M (4 GB GDDR5)<br />or K4100M (4 GB GDDR5)<br />or K5100M (8 GB GDDR5)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2<a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Optibay&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dell Optibay (page does not exist)">+1</a> 2.5" <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SATA">SATA</a><br />+ 1 mSATA</td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">17.3"<br />1600×900 TN<br />1920×1080 TN</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Along with the M4800 the last Precision Mobile Workstations with upgradeable processors. IPS panel option dropped; also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DisplayPort#eDP" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DisplayPort">eDP</a> connector don't factory fitted on a motherboard</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M6700</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Aug 2012</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 206, 173); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.42 kg (7.5 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">G2</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core i5 (3360M, 3320M),<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Core i7 (3920XM, 3520M, 3820QM, 3720QM)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel QM77</td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">32 GB (4 slots for 4 cores)<br />16 GB (2 slots for 2 cores)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR3 SDRAM">DDR3L</a> 1600 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">(or 16 GB of 1866 MHz)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel HD 4000<br /><span style="color: grey;">+ AMD FirePro M6000 (2 GB GDDR5) or NVIDIA Quadro<br />K3000M (2 GB GDDR5)<br />or K4000M (4 GB GDDR5)<br />or K5000M (4 GB GDDR5)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2<a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Optibay&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dell Optibay (page does not exist)">+1</a> 2.5" <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SATA">SATA</a><br />+ 1 mSATA</td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">17.3"<br />1600×900 TN<br />1920×1080 TN<br />(opt. 10-point multitouch)<br />1920x1080 IPS RGBLED</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">First model with 3D display, nVidia 3D Vision Pro support. Only two memory slots usable with dual-core CPUs (slots under keyboard are blanked off with a plastic spacer). Last Precision with a RGBLED display option</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M6600</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 2011</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 206, 173); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.42 kg (7.5 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">G2</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core i5 (2540M, 2520M),<br />i7 (2620M, 2720QM, 2820QM, 2920XM)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel QM67</td><td class="partial table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">32 GB (4 slots for 4 cores)<br />16 GB (2 slots for 2 cores)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR3 SDRAM">DDR3</a> 1600 MHz</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel HD 3000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RGBdisable_34-0" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-RGBdisable-34" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[b]</a></sup><br /><span style="color: grey;">+ AMD FirePro M8900 (2 GB GDDR5)<br />or NVIDIA Quadro<br />3000M (2 GB GDDR5)<br />or 4000M (2 GB GDDR5)<br />or 5010M (4 GB GDDR5)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2<a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Optibay&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dell Optibay (page does not exist)">+1</a> 2.5" <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SATA">SATA</a><br />+ 1 mSATA</td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">17.3"<br />1600х900 TN<br />1920x1080 TN<br />(opt. 4-point touch)<br />1920x1080 IPS RGBLED</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"> First Precision with MXM slot and IPS display option</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M6500</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dec 2009</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 204, 204); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.81 kg (8.4 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Socket G1</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core i5 (560M, 580M, 640M),<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">i7 (740QM, 840QM, 920XM, 940XM)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel PM55</td><td class="partial table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">32 GB (4 slots for 4-core CPUs)<br />8 GB (2 slots for 2-core CPUs) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR3 SDRAM">DDR3</a> 1333 MHz</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">ATI FirePro M7820 / M7740 (1 GB)<br />or NVIDIA Quadro<br />FX 2800M / FX 3800M (1 GB)<br />or 5000M<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[c]</a></sup> (2 GB)</td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">2 2.5" <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SATA">SATA</a><br />+ 1 mSATA</td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: green;">16:10</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a><br /><br />17"<br />1440x900 TN<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1920x1200 TN LED<br />1920x1200 TN RGBLED</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><small style="font-size: 12.6438px;">There is a fairly common complaint about Nvidia GPU equipped M6500's freezing or locking up on a black/blue screen, which can be attributed to various faulty components,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 10.115px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> although one workaround is to disable PowerMizer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 10.115px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> Complaints about the touchpad malfunctioning have also been noted. First Precision with a mSATA slot and USB 3.0.<br />Covet Edition available, last Covet Edition to use the Burnt Orange colored case. i5 models only have two memory slots, i7 models have four. i7-QM/XM equipped M6500's with a two DIMM slot motherboard support a maximum of 16GB RAM.</small></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M6400</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Sept 2008</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 204, 204); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.87 kg (8.5 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_P" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket P">Socket P</a></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"> Intel<br />Core 2 Duo/Extreme/Quad</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel Q43</td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">16 GB <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR3 SDRAM">DDR3</a> 1066 (4 slots)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">NVIDIA Quadro<br />FX 2700M (512 MB)<br />or FX 3700M (1 GB)<br />or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_Technologies" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a> FirePro M7740</td><td class="partial table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">2 2.5" <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SATA">SATA</a></td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: green;">16:10</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a><br /><br />17"<br />1440x900 TN<br />1920x1200 TN CCFL<br />1920x1200 RGBLED</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Covet Edition variant available with edge-to-edge display and Burnt Orange colored case</td></tr><tr><th colspan="10" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">15" Ultimate</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M4800</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Oct 2013</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.88 kg (6.3 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">G3</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core i7 (4600M, 4700MQ, 4800MQ, 4810MQ, 4900MQ, 4910MQ, 4930MX, 4940MX)<br />Core i5 (4200M, 4300M)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel QM87</td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">32 GB (4 slots for 4 cores)<br />16 GB (2 slots for 2 cores)<br /><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3L_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR3L SDRAM">DDR3L</a> 1600 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">(or 16 GB of 1866 MHz)</p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel HD 4600<br /><span style="color: grey;">+AMD FirePro M5100 (2 GB GDDR5) or NVIDIA Quadro<br />K1100M (2 GB GDDR5)<br />or K2100M (2 GB GDDR5)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1<a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Optibay&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dell Optibay (page does not exist)">+1</a> 2.5" <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SATA">SATA</a><br />+ 1 mSATA</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(187, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">15.6"<br />1920x1080<br />QHD 3200*1800 IGZO Sharp<br />from 2014 UHD 3840x2160 IGZO Sharp</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">QHD and UHD models have a disabled iGPU.</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M4700</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Aug 2012</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.87 kg (6.3 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">G2</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core i7 (3940XM, 3920XM, 3840QM, 3820QM, 3740QM, 3720QM, 3520M)<br />Core i5 (3360M, 3320M)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel QM77</td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">32 GB (4 slots for 4 cores)<br />16 GB (2 slots for 2 cores)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR3 SDRAM">DDR3L</a> 1600 MHz<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">(or 16 GB of 1866 MHz) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup></p></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel HD 4000<br /><span style="color: grey;">+AMD FirePro M4000 (1 GB GDDR5)<br />or NVIDIA Quadro<br />K1000M (2 GB DDR3<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NVIDIADDR3_41-0" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-NVIDIADDR3-41" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[d]</a></sup>)<br />or K2000M (2 GB DDR3<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NVIDIADDR3_41-1" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-NVIDIADDR3-41" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[d]</a></sup>)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1<a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Optibay&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dell Optibay (page does not exist)">+1</a> 2.5" <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SATA">SATA</a><br />+ 1 mSATA</td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">15.6"<br />1366x768 TN<br />1920х1080 TN<br /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Only two memory connectors with Intel Core i5-3320M/3360M or Intel Core i7-3520M.</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M4600</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 2011</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.87 kg (6.3 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">G2</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core i5 (2540M, 2520M),<br />i7 (2620M, 2720QM, 2820QM, 2920XM) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel QM67</td><td class="partial table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">32 GB (4 slots for 4 cores)<br />16 GB (2 slots for 2 cores)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR3 SDRAM">DDR3</a> 1600 MHz</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel HD 3000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RGBdisable_34-1" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-RGBdisable-34" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[b]</a></sup><br /><span style="color: grey;">+ AMD FirePro M5950 (1 GB GDDR5)<br />or NVIDIA Quadro<br />1000M (2 GB GDDR5)<br />or 2000M (2 GB DDR3<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NVIDIADDR3_41-2" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-NVIDIADDR3-41" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[d]</a></sup>)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1<a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Optibay&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dell Optibay (page does not exist)">+1</a> 2.5" <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SATA">SATA</a><br />+ 1 mSATA</td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">15.6"<br />1366x768 TN<br />(opt. touch)<br />1920х1080 TN<br />1920х1080 IPS RGBLED</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M4500</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 2010</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(253, 241, 161); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.73 kg (6.0 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Socket G1</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core i5/i7<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksfield_(microprocessor)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clarksfield (microprocessor)">Clarksfield</a>/Arrandale</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel QM57</td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">16 GB <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR3 SDRAM">DDR3</a> 1333 MHz (2 slots)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">NVIDIA Quadro FX 880M / 1800M (1 GB DDR3<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NVIDIADDR3_41-3" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-NVIDIADDR3-41" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[d]</a></sup>)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1<a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Optibay&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dell Optibay (page does not exist)">+1</a> 2.5" <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SATA">SATA</a><br />+ 1 mSATA</td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">15.6"<br />1366х768 TN<br />1600x900<br />1920х1080</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">First Precision with a 16:9 display; based on the Latitude E6510 chassis</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M4400</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Aug 2008</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(253, 241, 161); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.69 kg (5.9 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_P" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket P">Socket P</a></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Core 2 Duo/Extreme/Quad<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penryn_(microprocessor)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Penryn (microprocessor)">Penryn</a>/Penryn XE/Penryn-QC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel PM45</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">8 GB <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR2 SDRAM">DDR2</a> 800 MHz (2 slots)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">NVIDIA Quadro<br />FX 770M 512 MB<br />or 1700M 512 MB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1<a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Optibay&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dell Optibay (page does not exist)">+1</a> 2.5" <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SATA">SATA</a></td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: green;">16:10</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a><br /><br />15.4"<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1920x1200 RGBLED</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1920x1200 CCFL</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1440x900 WLED</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1280x800 CCFL</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Same chassis as the Latitude E6500, FX 1700M is in fact an overclocked 770M<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="10" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Entry-level</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M2800</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 2014</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.9 kg (6.4 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">G3</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core i5-4200M,<br />i7-4610M, i7-4810MQ</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel QM87</td><td class="partial table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">16 GB <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3L_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR3L SDRAM">DDR3L</a> 1600 MHz (2 slots)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel HD 4600<br /><span style="color: grey;">+ AMD FirePro W4170M</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1<a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Optibay&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dell Optibay (page does not exist)">+1</a> 2.5" <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SATA">SATA</a><br />+ 1 mSATA</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">15.6"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Identical case to the Latitude E6540<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-45" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M2400</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Aug 2008</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.4 kg (5.3 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_P" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket P">Socket P</a></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core 2 Duo<br />Penryn</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel">Intel</a> PM45</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">8 GB <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR2 SDRAM">DDR2</a> 800 MHz (2 slots)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVIDIA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NVIDIA">NVIDIA</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadro" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quadro">Quadro</a> FX 370M</td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 2.5"<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">SATA</p></td><td class="partial table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: green;">16:10</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a><br /><br />14.1"<br />1280x800<br />1440x900</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Based on Latitude E6400</td></tr><tr><td colspan="10" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha" style="font-size: 13.3875px; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; font-size: 13.3875px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><li id="cite_note-31" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All M4###/M6### laptops graphics options use dedicated memory.</span></li><li id="cite_note-RGBdisable-34" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-RGBdisable_34-0" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.71px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-RGBdisable_34-1" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.71px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Disabled with 10-bit RGBLED IPS panel</span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Quadro 5000M has ECC VRAM which when enabled cuts available VRAM to 1792MiB. It is also very uncommon</span></li><li id="cite_note-NVIDIADDR3-41" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-NVIDIADDR3_41-0" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.71px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-NVIDIADDR3_41-1" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.71px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-NVIDIADDR3_41-2" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.71px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-NVIDIADDR3_41-3" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.71px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">NVIDIA uses DDR3 memory instead of GDDR5 memory which reduces performance in exchange for power savings</span></li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id="Latitude_D_Series_based_.282003-2007.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Latitude_D_Series_based_(2003-2007)">Latitude D Series based (2003-2007)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Precision&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Latitude D Series based (2003-2007)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">These Precision models were released at roughly the same time as their D-series Latitude counterparts. They are compatible with the D-series docking stations, and there are various accessories that are interchangeable with other Dell models, such as the battery or CD drive, depending on the Precision model. Some of these models (especially those made around ~2005-2007) with NVIDIA GPUs can suffer from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_8_series#Problems" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="GeForce 8 series">GPU failure</a>.</p><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.875px; margin: 1em 0px; text-align: center; width: 911.578px;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 66.9062px;">Model</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><small style="font-size: 12.6438px;">Release</small></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 49.2656px;">Weight</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">CPU Socket</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 122.25px;">CPU</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Chipset</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Memory <sup style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1;">(max)</sup></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Graphics</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Storage</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Notes</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Screen</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Battery</th></tr><tr><th colspan="12" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">17"</th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M6300</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Aug 2007</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 204, 204); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.8 kg (8.4 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_P" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket P">Socket P</a></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core 2 Duo <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merom_(microprocessor)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Merom (microprocessor)">Merom</a>/Merom XE<br />Penryn/Penryn XE</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 965PM</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">8 GB <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR2 SDRAM">DDR2</a> 667 MHz (2 slots)</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">NVIDIA Quadro<br />FX 1600M 256 MB<br />or FX 3600M 512 MB</td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 2.5"<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">SATA</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Shares the same design as the Precision M90</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">17"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M90</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2006</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 204, 204); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.9 kg (8.6 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_M" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket M">Socket M</a></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Merom</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 945PM</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(255, 204, 204); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">3.25<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3.25_47-0" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-3.25-47" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup> GB <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR2 SDRAM">DDR2</a>-533/667</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">NVIDIA Quadro FX 3500M / 2500M 512MB / 1500M 256MB</td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 2.5"<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">SATA</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><small style="font-size: 12.6438px;">Based on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspiron" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inspiron">Inspiron</a> E1705/9400<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 10.115px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup><br />The E1705/9400 does not support a docking station.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 10.115px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> The M90 supports the D-Series docking stations (PR01X or PD01X)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 10.115px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></small></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">17"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_important.svg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Warning icon" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="25" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/45px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/60px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></a><br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="12" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">15.4"</th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M4300</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2007</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.8 kg (6.2 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_P" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket P">Socket P</a></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core 2 Duo <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merom_(microprocessor)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Merom (microprocessor)">Merom</a>/Penryn</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 965PM</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">8 GB <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR2 SDRAM">DDR2</a> 667 MHz</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">NVIDIA Quadro FX 360M 256 MB</td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 2.5"<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">SATA</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Based on Latitude D830</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">15.4"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M65</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2006</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.8 kg (6.2 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_M" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket M">Socket M</a></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Merom</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 945PM</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(255, 204, 204); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">3.25<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3.25_47-1" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-3.25-47" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup> GB <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR2 SDRAM">DDR2</a>-533/667</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">NVIDIA Quadro FX350</td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 2.5"<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">SATA</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Based on Latitude D820</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">15.4"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M70</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2005</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.03 kg (6.7 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_479" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket 479">Socket 479</a></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Dothan</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 915PM</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(255, 204, 204); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">2 GB <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR2 SDRAM">DDR2</a>-400/533</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">NVIDIA Quadro FX Go1400<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[b]</a></sup></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(253, 241, 161); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 2.5"<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">IDE</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Based on Latitude D810, textured "Precision" lid</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">15.4"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_important.svg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Warning icon" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="25" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/45px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/60px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></a><br /></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M60</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2003</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 206, 173); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.1 kg (6.8 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_479" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket 479">Socket 479</a></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Banias</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 855PM</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(255, 187, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">2 GB DDR</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">NVIDIA Quadro FX Go700 / Quadro FX Go 1000</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(253, 241, 161); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 2.5"<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">IDE</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Based on Latitude D800, first D-Series based Precision and first Widescreen model</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">15.4"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_important.svg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Warning icon" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="25" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/45px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/60px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></a><br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="12" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">14.1"</th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M2300</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2007</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.4 kg (5.3 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_P" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket P">Socket P</a></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Intel Core 2 Duo <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merom_(microprocessor)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Merom (microprocessor)">Merom</a>/Penryn</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 965PM</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(254, 224, 163); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">8 GB <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR2 SDRAM">DDR2</a> 667 MHz</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">NVIDIA Quadro FX 360M</td><td class="table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 2.5"<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">SATA</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Based on Latitude D630</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">14.1"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M20</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2005</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2.21 kg (4.9 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_479" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket 479">Socket 479</a></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Dothan</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 915PM</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(255, 204, 204); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">2 GB <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDR2 SDRAM">DDR2</a>-400/533</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">ATI FireGL V3100</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(253, 241, 161); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1 2.5"<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">IDE</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Based on Latitude D610, first 14" PMW and first one with ATI FireGL GPU. Last Precision with a 4:3 screen</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">14.1"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_important.svg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Warning icon" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="25" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/45px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/60px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></a><br /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha" style="font-size: 13.3875px; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; font-size: 13.3875px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><li id="cite_note-3.25-47" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-3.25_47-0" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.71px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-3.25_47-1" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.71px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">chipset limits usable RAM to 3.25GB (2x2 GB modules)</span></li><li id="cite_note-51" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-51" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GPU failure is not uncommon on this model</span></li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id="Latitude_C_Series_based_.282001-2002.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Latitude_C_Series_based_(2001-2002)">Latitude C Series based (2001-2002)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Precision&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Latitude C Series based (2001-2002)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">These Precisions were based on the Latitude C810 and C840, which in turn were based on the Inspiron 8100 and 8200.</p><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.875px; margin: 1em 0px; text-align: center; width: 813px;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 66.9062px;">Model</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><small style="font-size: 12.6438px;">Release</small></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 49.2656px;">Weight</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">CPU Socket</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 71.8594px;">CPU</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Chipset</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Memory <sup style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1;">(max)</sup></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Graphics</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Storage</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Notes</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Screen</th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M50</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2002</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 204, 204); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.86 kg (8.5 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_478" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket 478">Socket 478</a></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">Northwood</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 845MP</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(255, 187, 187); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">2 GB DDR 266 MHz</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">NVIDIA Quadro4 GoGL 500/700</td><td class="partial table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1<a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Optibay&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dell Optibay (page does not exist)">+2</a> 2.5" IDE</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><small style="font-size: 12.6438px;">Latitude C840/Inspiron 8200 based</small></td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: black;">4:3</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a><br /><br />15.0" 1600x1200 TN</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision M40</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Nov 2001</td><td class="text" style="background: rgb(255, 204, 204); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3.57 kg (7.9 lb)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_479" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket 479">Socket 479</a></td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(118, 232, 172); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_III#Tualatin" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pentium III">Tualatin</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 815</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(255, 102, 102); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">512 MB<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup> SDRAM 133 MHz</td><td class="yes table-yes2" style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">NVIDIA Quadro2 Go</td><td class="partial table-partial" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;">1<a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Optibay&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dell Optibay (page does not exist)">+2</a> 2.5" IDE</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><small style="font-size: 12.6438px;">Latitude C810/Inspiron 8100 based, first Precision Mobile Workstation</small></td><td class="table-no" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: black;">4:3</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a><br /><br />15.0" 1600x1200 TN</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha" style="font-size: 13.3875px; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; font-size: 13.3875px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><li id="cite_note-52" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-52" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipset limits maximum RAM to 512MB (2x256 or 1x512 SDRAM 133 MHz)</span></li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Dell_Precision_Fixed_Workstations">Dell Precision Fixed Workstations</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Precision&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Dell Precision Fixed Workstations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Single_processor">Single processor</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Precision&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Single processor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 78.7969px;">Model</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Release</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">CPU Socket</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 118.109px;">CPU</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">FSB (MHz)</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Chipset</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Memory</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Graphics</th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T5820<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2017</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 2066</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon W Family (Skylake-W)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C422</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 600W</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T5810<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2014</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 2011-3</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E5-1600 v4, select Intel Xeon E5-2600 v4</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C612</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 300W</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 3650</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2021</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 1200</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">11th gen Core i9, i7, i5<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">10th gen Core i3</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Xeon W Family (W-1390, W-1370, W-1350)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel W580</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC or Non-ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen4, up to 350W<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1x PCIe x4 Gen3</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1x PCI-32</p></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 3640</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 2020</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 1200</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10th gen Core i9, i7, i5, i3<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Xeon W Family (W-1290, W-1270, W-1250)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel W480</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC or Non-ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 300W<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1x PCIe x4</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1x PCI-32</p></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 3630<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2018</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 1151</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">9th gen Core i9(K), i7(K)<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">8th gen Core i7, i5 and i3</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Xeon E Family (Coffee Lake)</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C246</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC or Non-ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 265W</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T3620<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2016</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 1151</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7th gen Core i7, i5,<br />6th gen Core i7, i5 and i3;<br />Xeon E3-1200 v5</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C236</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC or Non-ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 150W</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T3420<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2016</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 1151</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7th gen Core i7, i5,<br />6th gen Core i7, i5 and i3;<br />Xeon E3-1200 v5</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C236</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC or Non-ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 50W</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T3610<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2013</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 2011</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E5-1600 v2 or E5-2600 v2 series</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C602</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR3 ECC or Non-ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 300W</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T3600<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2012</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 2011</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E5-1600 or E5-2600 series</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5.0 to 8.0 GT/s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C600</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR3 ECC or Non-ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 300W</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T3500<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-60" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2010</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 1366</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon 3500, 5500 or 5600 series</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4.8 or 6.4 GT/s QPI<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-61" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel X58</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR3 ECC or Non-ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 2, up to 150W</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T3400<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-62" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2008</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 775</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Core 2 (Duo or Quad or Extreme Edition)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1066 or 1333</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel X38</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR2 ECC or Non-ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 2, up to 300W</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T1700<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-63" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2013</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 1150/Socket H3</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E3-1200 v3,<br />4th gen Core i7 and i5</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C226</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR3 ECC or Non-ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3 up to 150W<br />(SFF model: low-profile card up to 50W)</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T1650<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-64" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2012</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 1155/Socket H2</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E3-1200 v2,<br />3rd gen Core i5 and i7, or 2nd generation Core i3</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C216</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR3 ECC or Non-ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3 up to 75W</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T1600<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-65" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2011</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E3-1200<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">2nd gen Core i5 and i7</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C206</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR3 ECC or Non-ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 2 up to 75W</td></tr><tr><th colspan="8" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"></th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 390<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-66" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2006</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 775</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Core 2 (Duo or Quad or Extreme Edition)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">800 or 1066</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 975</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR2 ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 380<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-67" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2005</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 775</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Pentium 4 or Pentium D or P4 Extreme Edition</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">800 or 1066</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 955</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR2 ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 370<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2004</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">LGA 775</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Pentium 4</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">800</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 925</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR2 400 Non-ECC or 533 ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 360<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-69" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2003</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Pentium 4</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">800</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 875</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR333 or DDR400 ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">AGP 8X</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 350<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-70" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2002</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Pentium 4</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">400 or 533</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 850E</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Rambus PC800 & PC1066</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">AGP 4X</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 340<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-71" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2002</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Pentium 4</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">400 or 533</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 850E</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Rambus PC800</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">AGP 4X</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 330<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-72" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2001</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Socket 423</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pentium 4">Pentium 4</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">400</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 850</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Rambus PC600 & PC800</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP</a> Pro</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id="Single_processor.2C_All-In-One_form_factor"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Single_processor,_All-In-One_form_factor">Single processor, All-In-One form factor</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Precision&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Single processor, All-In-One form factor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 78.7969px;">Model</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Release</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 118.109px;">CPU</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Chipset</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Memory</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Graphics</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Screen</th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 5720<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-73" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2017</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7th gen Core i7, i5,<br />6th gen Core i7, i5 and i3;<br />Xeon E3-1200 v5 or E3-1200 v6</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C236</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC or Non-ECC (4 slots)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">AMD Radeon Pro WX 7100 (8GB GDDR5)<br />or Radeon Pro WX 4150 (4GB GDDR5)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">27" 3840×2160 IPS</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id="Dual_processor.2C_desktop_form_factor"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Dual_processor,_desktop_form_factor">Dual processor, desktop form factor</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Precision&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Dual processor, desktop form factor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 78.7969px;">Model</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Release</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 118.109px;">CPU</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">FSB (MHz)</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Chipset</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Memory</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Graphics</th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 490<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-74" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-75" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2006</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon Dual-Core 5100 or Quad-Core 5300 Series 64-bit<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-76" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[b]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1066 or 1333</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 5000x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR2 ECC FB-DIMM (Quad Channel)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 470<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-77" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2005</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon Single or Dualcore 64-bit</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">800</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 7525</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR2</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 450<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-78" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-79" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2003</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xeon">Xeon</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">533</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 7505</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR, 3 mega flex max 8 GB ECC unbuf</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port#AGP_Pro" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP Pro</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha" style="font-size: 15.75px; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-74" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-74" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also available as a mini-tower</span></li><li id="cite_note-76" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-76" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Precision 490 shipped with 3 different motherboards: part numbers DT031, F9382, and GU083. All three motherboard revisions are capable of running Dual-Core 5100 Series Xeon processors, but not all support the 5300 series Quad-Core Xeons. Evidence suggests that some GU083 motherboards support Quad-Core.</span></li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id="Dual_processor.2C_tower_form_factor"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Dual_processor,_tower_form_factor">Dual processor, tower form factor</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Precision&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Dual processor, tower form factor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 78.7969px;">Model</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Release</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">CPU Socket</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 87.5312px;">CPU</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">FSB (MHz)</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Chipset</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Memory</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Max. memory</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Graphics</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">USB</th></tr><tr><td colspan="10" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 7920<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-80" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2017</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_3647" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 3647">LGA 3647</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon Scalable Processors Family</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C621</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1.5/3 TB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 750W</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 3.1</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 7910<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-81" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2014</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_2011-3" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 2011-3">LGA 2011-3</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E5-2600 v4</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C612</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1 TB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 675W</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 3.1</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T7610<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-82" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2013</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_2011" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 2011">LGA 2011</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E5-2600 v2</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C602</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR3 ECC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Registered memory">RDIMM</a> ECC (Quad Channel)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">256GB or 512GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen3, up to 675W</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 3.0</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T7600<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-83" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2012</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_2011" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 2011">LGA 2011</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E5-2600 family 64-bit, up to eight-cores</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C600</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR3 ECC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Registered memory">RDIMM</a> (Quad Channel)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">512 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 2 or Gen 3, up to 675 W</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 3.0</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T7500<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-84" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2009</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1366" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 1366">LGA 1366</a> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Daughterboard_85-0" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-Daughterboard-85" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon 5500 or 5600 series 64-bit, up to six-cores</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 5520</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR3 ECC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Registered memory">RDIMM</a> or DDR3 ECC Unbuffered DIMM (Three-channels) (unbuf = lower max mem)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">96 or 192 GB with riser cards</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 2, up to 225 W</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 2.0</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T7400<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-86" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2007</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_771" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 771">LGA 771</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon Dual-core 5200 or Quad-Core 5400 series 64-bit</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1333 or 1600</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 5400</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR2 FB-DIMM (Quad Channel)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">64 or 128 GB with riser cards</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 (SLI compatible), up to 225 W</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 2.0</td></tr><tr><td colspan="10" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 7820<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-87" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2017</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_3647" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 3647">LGA 3647</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Daughterboard_85-1" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-Daughterboard-85" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon Scalable Processors Family</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C621</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">384 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 500W (300W with dual CPU)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 3.1</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T7810<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-88" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2014</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E5-2600 v4</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C612</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Registered memory">RDIMM</a> ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 300W</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 3.0</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T5610<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-89" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2013</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_2011" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 2011">LGA 2011</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E5-2600 v2</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C602</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Registered memory">RDIMM</a> ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 300W</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 3.0</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T5600<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-90" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2012</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_2011" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 2011">LGA 2011</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E5-2600 family 64-bit, up to eight-cores</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C600</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR3 ECC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Registered memory">RDIMM</a> (Quad Channel)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">128 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 300W</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 3.0</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T5500<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-91" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2009</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1366" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 1366">LGA 1366</a> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Daughterboard_85-2" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-Daughterboard-85" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon 5500 series 64-bit, up to four-cores<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">or Xeon 5600 series 64-bit, up to six-cores</p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 5520</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR3 ECC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Registered memory">RDIMM</a> or DDR3 ECC Unbuffered DIMM (Three-channels) (unbuf = lower max mem)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">48 or 72 GB with riser card</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 2 (SLI compatible)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 2.0</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision T5400<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-92" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2007</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_771" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 771">LGA 771</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon Dual-core 5200 or Quad-Core 5400 series 64-bit</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1333</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 5400</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR2 FB-DIMM (Quad Channel 256 bit)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">32 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 (SLI compatible)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 2.0</td></tr><tr><th colspan="10" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"></th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 690<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-93" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2006</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_771" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 771">LGA 771</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon Dual-core X5100 or Quad-Core X5300 series 64-bit<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-94" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[b]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1066 or 1333</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel Greencreek 5000x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR2 FB-DIMM (Quad Channel)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">64 GB with and without riser cards</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> (SLI compatible with dual pci-e riser card & backplate)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 1.1 / 2.0</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 670<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-95" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2005</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_604" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket 604">Socket 604</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon Single-core (Nocona, Irwindale)<br />or Xeon dual-core (Paxville) 64-bit<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-96" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[c]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">800</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel E7525</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR2-400 ECC</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">16 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 2.0</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 650<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-97" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2002</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_604" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket 604">Socket 604</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon (NetBurst - Prestonia (C1 Stepping) 65W)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">533</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel E7505</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR-266 - ECC or non-ECC (Standard)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port#AGP_Pro" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP Pro</a>110 (8x)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 2.0</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 530<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-98" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2001</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_603" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socket 603">Socket 603</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon (Pentium 4 based)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">400</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 860</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Rambus PC600 or PC800</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2 or 4 GB with riser cards</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port#AGP_Pro" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP Pro</a>110 (4x)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 1.1</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 620<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-99" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2000</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_2" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Slot 2">Slot 2</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon (Pentium 3 based)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">133</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel i840</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Rambus PC800 RDRAM</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3 GB<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-100" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port#AGP_Pro" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP Pro</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 1.1</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 420<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-101" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[d]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-102" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2000</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_1" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Slot 1">Slot 1</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_III" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pentium III">Pentium III</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">133</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 840</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Rambus PC800 RDRAM</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port#AGP_Pro" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP Pro</a>110 (4x)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 1.1</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 220<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-103" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2000</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_1" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Slot 1">Slot 1</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_III" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pentium III">Pentium III</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">100 or 133</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 820</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Rambus RDRAM</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP</a> 4X</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 1.1</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 610<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-104" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1999</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_2" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Slot 2">Slot 2</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon (Pentium 2 or 3 based)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">100</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 440GX</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">PC100 SDRAM</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">AGP</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 1.1</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 410 MT<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-105" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1998</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Pentium 2 or 3</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">100</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 440BX</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">PC100 SDRAM</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">AGP</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 1.1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="10" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha" style="font-size: 15.75px; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-Daughterboard-85" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-Daughterboard_85-0" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 12.6px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-Daughterboard_85-1" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 12.6px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-Daughterboard_85-2" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 12.6px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">2nd Socket with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughterboard" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daughterboard">Daughterboard</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-94" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-94" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Precision 690 motherboard part number MY171 board revision A02 supports Quad-core Xeon processors. System board numbers DT029 F9394, and MY171 board revision A00 and A01 do <i>not</i> support quad-core processors (for these, use Xeon 5000-series or 5100-series FSB 667Mhz Dual-core Xeon processors and PC2-4200 or PC2-5300 FBDIMM ECC RAM).</span></li><li id="cite_note-96" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-96" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Precision 670 shipped with different motherboards: part numbers X0392, HG593, FC840, MG022, MG024, MG026, U7565, Y9655 or XC837. Only the XC837 board supports the dual-core Paxville DP Xeon processor. The only Paxville CPU that works on the XC837 is the Paxville DP 2.80 GHz (Spec-Code SL8MA, See: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_microprocessors#%22Paxville_DP%22_(90_nm)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of Intel Xeon microprocessors">List of Intel Xeon microprocessors#"Paxville DP" (90 nm)</a>). You must upgrade the bios to version A07 before attempting to install a Paxville CPU.</span></li><li id="cite_note-101" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_ref-101" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also available in a desktop version.</span></li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Rack-mounted">Rack-mounted</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Precision&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Rack-mounted">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 78.7969px;">Model</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Release</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">CPU Socket</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 78.7812px;">CPU</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">FSB (MHz)</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Chipset</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Memory</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Max. memory</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Graphics</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">USB</th></tr><tr><td colspan="10" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision 7920 Rack<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-106" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2017</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_3647" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 3647">LGA 3647</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon Scalable Processor family, up to 28-cores</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Ultra_Path_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel Ultra Path Interconnect">UPI</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C621</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Registered memory">RDIMM</a> (Quad Channel)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1.5/3.0 TB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Up to 3x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 3, up to 900 W</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 3.1</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision Rack 7910<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-107" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2014</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_2011" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 2011">LGA 2011</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E5-2600 family 64-bit, up to 18-cores</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C612</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Registered memory">RDIMM</a> (Quad Channel)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">768 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Up to 3x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 2 or Gen 3, up to 600 W</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 3.0</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision R7610<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-108" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2013</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_2011" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 2011">LGA 2011</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E5-2600 family 64-bit, up to 8-cores</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C600</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR3 ECC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Registered memory">RDIMM</a> (Quad Channel)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">256 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Up to 3x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 2 or Gen 3, up to 600 W</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 2.0</td></tr><tr><td colspan="10" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision R5500<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-109" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2011</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1366" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 1366">LGA 1366</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon 5600 series 64-bit, up to 6-cores</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 5520</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR3 FB-DIMM (Quad Channel)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">192 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 2.0</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision R5400<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-110" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2010</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_771" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 771">LGA 771</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon Dual-core 5200 or Quad-core 5400 series 64-bit</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1333</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel 5400</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR2 ECC FB-DIMM</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">32 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 2.0</td></tr><tr><td colspan="10" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Precision Rack 3930<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Precision#cite_note-111" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2017</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Single <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1151" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LGA 1151">LGA 1151</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Xeon E family 64-bit, up to 6-cores</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">QPi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Intel C248</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DDR4 ECC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_memory" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Registered memory">RDIMM</a> (dual Channel)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">64 GB</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Up to 2x <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> x16 Gen 2 or Gen 3, up to 600 W</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">USB 3.0<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-6089861556148495742022-01-11T21:37:00.002-08:002022-01-11T21:47:01.744-08:00Dell Precision Series Comparability Chart List (Reference) <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgL_HjT_PK2T1pNCgUdiax6pQeIPyjnmgAOmnbbeA2AEZqpOGN7NR9t3febZ01HAs-gxawHNNCe8QarxewK1MMOVGkLvRAmqHUO6EMHU0Cb8UfDhnulGxnWUhkUEmgNTsy_4Wtd9xsJH8PvAN6hNYnpxOvdWb2pYjDxbwbF9sJt13zE_GL1yAVoDuvsKQ=s1500" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1500" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgL_HjT_PK2T1pNCgUdiax6pQeIPyjnmgAOmnbbeA2AEZqpOGN7NR9t3febZ01HAs-gxawHNNCe8QarxewK1MMOVGkLvRAmqHUO6EMHU0Cb8UfDhnulGxnWUhkUEmgNTsy_4Wtd9xsJH8PvAN6hNYnpxOvdWb2pYjDxbwbF9sJt13zE_GL1yAVoDuvsKQ=w400-h248" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>Reference Website: <a href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/">CompuRAM</a><br />https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/</p><p>It is about 30 years ago that <b>Dell</b> developed its first PC.
Since then it has become one of the most profitable suppliers of
hardware and global solutions. The product range of this US company
includes, among others, notebooks, PCs, servers, networking and storage
systems and addresses the individual requirements of business and
private customers.<br /></p><p>
</p><p></p><p></p><p>With the <b>Precision</b> series <b>Dell</b> launched
notebooks that are suitable as professional workstations in demanding
business environments - with the advantage of optional mobile use.
Thanks to its high performance, long battery life, mass storage capacity
and scalability, <b>Precision</b> is a reliable companion - also when
it comes to graphical or demanding analytics tasks - which provides an
integrated docking solution.</p><div class="hersteller-column-container">
<div class="hersteller-column-l">
<ul class="produkt">
<h2 class="produkt-topic">
<div class="nolink elm-seriesub">Precision 2000-Series</div>
</h2>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/2000-series/m2300/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M2300 2000-Series">M2300</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/2000-series/m2400/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M2400 2000-Series">M2400</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/2000-series/m2800/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M2800 2000-Series">M2800</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="produkt">
<h2 class="produkt-topic">
<div class="nolink elm-seriesub">Precision 3000-Series</div>
</h2>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3510-15-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3510 - 15 (Intel Core) 3000-Series">3510 - 15 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3510-15-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3510 - 15 (Intel Xeon) 3000-Series">3510 - 15 (Intel Xeon)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3520-15-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3520 - 15 (Intel Core) 3000-Series">3520 - 15 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3520-15-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3520 - 15 (Intel Xeon) 3000-Series">3520 - 15 (Intel Xeon)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3530-15-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3530 - 15 (Intel Core) 3000-Series">3530 - 15 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3530-15-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3530 - 15 (Intel Xeon) 3000-Series">3530 - 15 (Intel Xeon)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3540-15-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3540 - 15 (Intel Core) 3000-Series">3540 - 15 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3540-15-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3540 - 15 (Intel Xeon) 3000-Series">3540 - 15 (Intel Xeon)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3541-15-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3541 - 15 (Intel Core) 3000-Series">3541 - 15 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3541-15-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3541 - 15 (Intel Xeon) 3000-Series">3541 - 15 (Intel Xeon)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3550-15/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3550 - 15 3000-Series">3550 - 15</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3551-15/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3551 - 15 3000-Series">3551 - 15</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3560-15/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3560 - 15 3000-Series">3560 - 15</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/3561-15/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 3561 - 15 3000-Series">3561 - 15</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/3000-series/m3800/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M3800 3000-Series">M3800</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="produkt">
<h2 class="produkt-topic">
<div class="nolink elm-seriesub">Precision 4000-Series</div>
</h2>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/4000-series/m4300/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M4300 4000-Series">M4300</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/4000-series/m4400/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M4400 4000-Series">M4400</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/4000-series/m4500-dual-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M4500 (Dual-Core) 4000-Series">M4500 (Dual-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/4000-series/m4500-quad-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M4500 (Quad-Core) 4000-Series">M4500 (Quad-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/4000-series/m4600-dual-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M4600 (Dual-Core) 4000-Series">M4600 (Dual-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/4000-series/m4600-quad-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M4600 (Quad-Core) 4000-Series">M4600 (Quad-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/4000-series/m4700-dual-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M4700 (Dual-Core) 4000-Series">M4700 (Dual-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/4000-series/m4700-quad-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M4700 (Quad-Core) 4000-Series">M4700 (Quad-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/4000-series/m4800-dual-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M4800 (Dual-Core) 4000-Series">M4800 (Dual-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/4000-series/m4800-quad-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M4800 (Quad-Core) 4000-Series">M4800 (Quad-Core)</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="produkt">
<h2 class="produkt-topic">
<div class="nolink elm-seriesub">Precision 5000-Series</div>
</h2>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5510-15-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5510 - 15 (Intel Core) 5000-Series">5510 - 15 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5510-15-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5510 - 15 (Intel Xeon) 5000-Series">5510 - 15 (Intel Xeon)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5520-15-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5520 - 15 (Intel Core) 5000-Series">5520 - 15 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5520-15-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5520 - 15 (Intel Xeon) 5000-Series">5520 - 15 (Intel Xeon)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5530-15-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5530 - 15 (Intel Core) 5000-Series">5530 - 15 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5530-15-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5530 - 15 (Intel Xeon) 5000-Series">5530 - 15 (Intel Xeon)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5540-15-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5540 - 15 (Intel Core) 5000-Series">5540 - 15 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5540-15-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5540 - 15 (Intel Xeon) 5000-Series">5540 - 15 (Intel Xeon)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5550-15-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5550 - 15 (Intel Core) 5000-Series">5550 - 15 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5550-15-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5550 - 15 (Intel Xeon) 5000-Series">5550 - 15 (Intel Xeon)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5560-15-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5560 - 15 (Intel Core) 5000-Series">5560 - 15 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5560-15-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5560 - 15 (Intel Xeon) 5000-Series">5560 - 15 (Intel Xeon)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5750-17-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5750 - 17 (Intel Core) 5000-Series">5750 - 17 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5750-17-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5750 - 17 (Intel Xeon) 5000-Series">5750 - 17 (Intel Xeon)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5760-15-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5760 - 15 (Intel Core) 5000-Series">5760 - 15 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/5760-15-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 5760 - 15 (Intel XEON) 5000-Series">5760 - 15 (Intel XEON)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/7560-15-intel-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 7560 - 15 (Intel Core) 5000-Series">7560 - 15 (Intel Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/5000-series/7560-15-intel-xeon/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision 7560 - 15 (Intel Xeon) 5000-Series">7560 - 15 (Intel Xeon)</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="hersteller-column-r">
<ul class="produkt">
<h2 class="produkt-topic">
<div class="nolink elm-seriesub">Precision 6000-Series</div>
</h2>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/6000-series/m6300/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M6300 6000-Series">M6300</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/6000-series/m6400/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M6400 6000-Series">M6400</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/6000-series/m6500-dual-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M6500 (Dual-Core) 6000-Series">M6500 (Dual-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/6000-series/m6500-quad-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M6500 (Quad-Core) 6000-Series">M6500 (Quad-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/6000-series/m6600-dual-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M6600 (Dual-Core) 6000-Series">M6600 (Dual-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/6000-series/m6600-quad-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M6600 (Quad-Core) 6000-Series">M6600 (Quad-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/6000-series/m6700-dual-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M6700 (Dual-Core) 6000-Series">M6700 (Dual-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/6000-series/m6700-quad-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M6700 (Quad-Core) 6000-Series">M6700 (Quad-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/6000-series/m6800-dual-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M6800 (Dual-Core) 6000-Series">M6800 (Dual-Core)</a>
</li>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/6000-series/m6800-quad-core/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M6800 (Quad-Core) 6000-Series">M6800 (Quad-Core)</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="produkt">
<h2 class="produkt-topic">
<div class="nolink elm-seriesub">Precision 7000-Series</div>
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<ul class="produkt">
<h2 class="produkt-topic">
<div class="nolink elm-seriesub">Precision Mxx-Series</div>
</h2>
<li><a class="elm-model" href="https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/mxx-series/m20/" title="RAM memory Dell Precision M20 Mxx-Series">M20</a>
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</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="info-text">
<h2 class="bigtopic">Notebook Memory Upgrades for Dell Precision</h2></div>Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-88599163029499879642021-08-29T18:26:00.001-07:002021-08-29T18:26:05.759-07:00How fungi contribute to the ecosystem<p> </p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidJ45iJgTUi2vTvnVKGxGHm7LPyGXwKSm-mtHA5sdQB7hp1yX65xXuN5SMnD48vbHJzCHaTQ2RgdtAe7OQCJyF4XnWXlXVy7nLcWbYHATS17RAqEn1VfT1R3cDuYGhikNiqlVtKMolVSjb/s500/Mycelium-Mushrooms.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="500" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidJ45iJgTUi2vTvnVKGxGHm7LPyGXwKSm-mtHA5sdQB7hp1yX65xXuN5SMnD48vbHJzCHaTQ2RgdtAe7OQCJyF4XnWXlXVy7nLcWbYHATS17RAqEn1VfT1R3cDuYGhikNiqlVtKMolVSjb/w400-h266/Mycelium-Mushrooms.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><div class="post-title" data-shrink-original-size="86">Mycelium - The Future is Fungi</div>
<header class="entry-header">
<div class="meta-below-title">
<div class="entry-byline">
<span class="entry-author"><a class="p-author author entry-byline-link" href="https://thegreentemple.net/articles?author=55ee9e43e4b0e3659fc90f0c" rel="author">The Conscious Club</a></span>
</div>
<div class="entry-dateline">
<time class="dt-published published entry-date" datetime="2017-10-31" pubdate=""><a class="entry-dateline-link" href="https://thegreentemple.net/articles/mycelium-the-future-is-fungi">October 31, 2017</a></time>
<time class="dt-updated updated" datetime="2017-10-31"></time>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-80ff1d7a7b7a7dace03a"><div class="sqs-block-content"><h1>Mycelium - The Future is Fungi</h1><h2>They were here first...</h2><p>Did
you know that long before trees overtook the land, earth was covered by
giant mushrooms. Researchers found that land plants had evolved on
Earth by about 700 million years ago and land fungi by about 1,300
million years ago. The largest living organism in the world today is a
honey fungus measuring 2.4 miles (3.8 km) across in the Blue Mountains
in Oregon. </p></div></div><div class="row sqs-row" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_255"><div class="col sqs-col-10 span-10" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_254"><div class="sqs-block image-block sqs-block-image sqs-text-ready" data-block-type="5" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1509449663773_21699"><div class="sqs-block-content" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_253">
<div class="image-block-outer-wrapper layout-caption-below design-layout-inline" data-test="image-block-inline-outer-wrapper" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_252">
<figure class="sqs-block-image-figure intrinsic" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_251" style="max-width: 500px;">
<div class="image-block-wrapper has-aspect-ratio" data-animation-override="" data-animation-role="image" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_250" style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 66.6%;">
<img alt="mushroom.jpeg" class="thumb-image loaded" data-image-dimensions="500x333" data-image-focal-point="0.5,0.5" data-image-id="59f8600353450a4c5a54f4ec" data-image-resolution="500w" data-image="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/58ad75a0bebafb5bf2b4cf7d/1509449887324-OG2L2AKRIFG200GW7SVU/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kBIkQ6BpXxi_9dtfIasthhVZw-zPPgdn4jUwVcJE1ZvWQUxwkmyExglNqGp0IvTJZUJFbgE-7XRK3dMEBRBhUpzSaLj8w0YDPn2WHB8GJ_LztSXmqlyOsVSt0NebUuTxNFM_pkrYYVyX5hyB9gpLD9Y/mushroom.jpeg" data-load="false" data-src="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/58ad75a0bebafb5bf2b4cf7d/1509449887324-OG2L2AKRIFG200GW7SVU/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kBIkQ6BpXxi_9dtfIasthhVZw-zPPgdn4jUwVcJE1ZvWQUxwkmyExglNqGp0IvTJZUJFbgE-7XRK3dMEBRBhUpzSaLj8w0YDPn2WHB8GJ_LztSXmqlyOsVSt0NebUuTxNFM_pkrYYVyX5hyB9gpLD9Y/mushroom.jpeg" data-type="image" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_471" src="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/58ad75a0bebafb5bf2b4cf7d/1509449887324-OG2L2AKRIFG200GW7SVU/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kBIkQ6BpXxi_9dtfIasthhVZw-zPPgdn4jUwVcJE1ZvWQUxwkmyExglNqGp0IvTJZUJFbgE-7XRK3dMEBRBhUpzSaLj8w0YDPn2WHB8GJ_LztSXmqlyOsVSt0NebUuTxNFM_pkrYYVyX5hyB9gpLD9Y/mushroom.jpeg?format=500w" style="height: 100%; left: 0%; position: absolute; top: 0%; width: 100%;" />
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div></div></div></div><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1509449663773_21979"><div class="sqs-block-content"><p> </p><h1>So what's so special about fungi and how do they contribute to the ecosystem?</h1><p>Fungi
play an important role in energy cycling within, and between,
ecosystems. Fungi are found in terrestrial, marine and freshwater
environments, and are part of a diverse community of “decomposers” that
break down dead plants and animals. Aside from fungi, this community
includes bacteria, tiny invertebrates, such as nematodes, and larger
invertebrates, like snails, beetles and earthworms. Fungi transform
organic matter into forms that can be utilized by other decomposers, and
into food for plants.</p><h3>DECOMPOSITION</h3><p>Fungi live everywhere
that moisture is present. They can be found as single-celled organisms,
like yeast, that are invisible to the naked eye, and as multiple-celled
organisms, like mushrooms, that are made up of strands of cells called
“hyphae.” Fungi are so widespread and numerous that they make up a large
proportion of the biomass in any given ecosystem. Fungi play a very
important part in the decomposition process, because they can break down
tough organic materials, such as cellulose and lignin, which
invertebrates find difficult to digest. Fungi release digestive enzymes
that are used to metabolize complex organic compounds into soluble
nutrients, such as simple sugars, nitrates and phosphates. Unlike
animals, that digest food inside their bodies, fungi digest food outside
of their “bodies” and then absorb the nutrients into their cells.</p><h3>NUTRIENT CYCLING</h3><p>Plants
require nutrients for growth, but nutrients are seldom freely available
in soil or water because they are locked up in insoluble compounds.
Plants therefore rely on decomposers to provide them with soluble
nutrients that can be taken up by roots. For instance nitrogen, one of
the most important plant nutrients, is locked into proteins that are not
easily taken up by plants -- although some plants have been shown to do
so. Fungi metabolize proteins, and release inorganic forms of nitrogen,
such as nitrate, that can easily be taken up by plant roots. In
freshwater environments fungi are instrumental in the transfer of energy
from riparian forest to aquatic ecosystems, by decomposing wood and
leaf litter that fall into the water. In terrestrial systems, fungi
transfer energy from above the ground, to below it, where it is recycled
back to plants.</p><h3>SYMBIOSIS</h3><p>Some species of fungi form
symbiotic relationships with plants. Mycorrhizal fungi are associated
with plant roots. This relationship is mutually beneficial because fungi
facilitate the transfer of nutrients from the soil into plant roots,
and in turn receive carbon from the plant. Carbon is stored by fungi in
the soil and therefore is not released as carbon dioxide. It was once
thought that plants were the only source of carbon for mycorrhizal
fungi. However, an article published in the May 2008 issue of
“Functional Ecology” reveals that mycorrhizal fungi can actively
decompose organic carbon, and therefore play a greater role in carbon
loss and input from soil than previously thought. Lichens are another
type of fungi that form a symbiotic relationship, but they do so with
cyanobacteria. Lichens provide shelter for the bacteria, which in turn
make energy and carbon for lichens via photosynthesis.</p><h3>FOOD SOURCE</h3><p>There
are many animals that rely partially, or wholly, on fungi as a food
source. Herbivorous mammals tend to be opportunistic fungus feeders,
eating fungi if they come across it while browsing in the forest.
However, for some animals fungi makes up a large part of their diets.
Examples are the caribou, which relies heavily on tree lichens for food
during the winter when leafy foods are not available, and the long-nosed
potoroo, an Australian mammal whose diet consists almost entirely of
fungal fruiting bodies. Many invertebrates also eat fungi, both
opportunistically and actively. Stream invertebrates receive extra
energy when they eat decaying leaves that have fungi growing on them.
Banana slugs are commonly observed feeding on mushrooms and other fungi,
which they appear to favor over other foods.</p><h2>The discipline of
biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology. Mycelium is
the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white
filaments (hyphae) .</h2></div></div><div class="row sqs-row" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_279"><div class="col sqs-col-8 span-8" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_278"><div class="sqs-block image-block sqs-block-image sqs-text-ready" data-block-type="5" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1509449663773_29291"><div class="sqs-block-content" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_277">
<div class="image-block-outer-wrapper layout-caption-below design-layout-inline" data-test="image-block-inline-outer-wrapper" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_276">
<figure class="sqs-block-image-figure intrinsic" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_275" style="max-width: 800px;">
<div class="image-block-wrapper has-aspect-ratio" data-animation-override="" data-animation-role="image" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_274" style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 75%;">
<img alt="Mushroom's_roots_(mycélium).jpg" class="thumb-image loaded" data-image-dimensions="800x600" data-image-focal-point="0.5,0.5" data-image-id="59f861680852294c3128d301" data-image-resolution="500w" data-image="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/58ad75a0bebafb5bf2b4cf7d/1509450088647-8NXOH0MZJ2INC0S3UFU2/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kPoswlzjSVMM-SxOp7CV59BZw-zPPgdn4jUwVcJE1ZvWQUxwkmyExglNqGp0IvTJZamWLI2zvYWH8K3-s_4yszcp2ryTI0HqTOaaUohrI8PIeQMKeWYgwh6Mn73n2eZmZLHHpcPIxgL2SArp_rN2M_AKMshLAGzx4R3EDFOm1kBS/Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myce%CC%81lium%29.jpg" data-load="false" data-src="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/58ad75a0bebafb5bf2b4cf7d/1509450088647-8NXOH0MZJ2INC0S3UFU2/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kPoswlzjSVMM-SxOp7CV59BZw-zPPgdn4jUwVcJE1ZvWQUxwkmyExglNqGp0IvTJZamWLI2zvYWH8K3-s_4yszcp2ryTI0HqTOaaUohrI8PIeQMKeWYgwh6Mn73n2eZmZLHHpcPIxgL2SArp_rN2M_AKMshLAGzx4R3EDFOm1kBS/Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myce%CC%81lium%29.jpg" data-type="image" height="299" src="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/58ad75a0bebafb5bf2b4cf7d/1509450088647-8NXOH0MZJ2INC0S3UFU2/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kPoswlzjSVMM-SxOp7CV59BZw-zPPgdn4jUwVcJE1ZvWQUxwkmyExglNqGp0IvTJZamWLI2zvYWH8K3-s_4yszcp2ryTI0HqTOaaUohrI8PIeQMKeWYgwh6Mn73n2eZmZLHHpcPIxgL2SArp_rN2M_AKMshLAGzx4R3EDFOm1kBS/Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myce%CC%81lium%29.jpg?format=500w" style="height: 100%; left: -0.10989%; position: absolute; top: 0%; width: 100.22%;" width="320" />
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div></div></div><div class="col sqs-col-4 span-4"><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1509449663773_33777"><div class="sqs-block-content"><p> </p><p><em>The
discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as
mycology. Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a
network of fine white filaments (hyphae) .</em></p></div></div></div></div><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1509449663773_29569"><div class="sqs-block-content"><h2>What is Mycelium?</h2><p>The
word mycelium literally means “more than one”. It is actually a plural
form of the word Mycelia. The word has New Latin and Greek origins and
was first coined in text in the early 1800’s, and refers to the
thread-like body of a fungus. The main part of the fungus is the
mycelia, which lives inside the substrate (wood, straw, grain, etc). The
mushrooms that we eat are actually just a small visible part of the
organism. In nature mushrooms "bloom" much like flowers do. Like
flowers, mushrooms bloom during certain times of the year when the
conditions are just right. To properly explain mycelium we have to get a
little technical.</p><p>Mushrooms do not reproduce by seed or gather
energy by photosynthesis like plants do. They reproduce by means of
spores. These spores germinate to produce a mass of interwoven,
single-cell wide structures known as hyphae. Hyphae are sometimes also
called Shiro. Collectively, masses of hyphae are known as the
mycelium. </p><p>Fungus absorbs nutrients from its environment
(substrate, log, etc) through its mycelium in a two-stage process.
First, the hyphae secrete enzymes into the decaying wood or other
substrate. These enzymes break down biological polymers into smaller
units such as monomers. The mycelium then absorbs these monomers,
using a combination of facilitated diffusion and active transport. </p><p>Just
like an apple on a tree the mushroom is a fruit of these reproducing
fungi. In nature the chances of mushroom spores germinating and then
actually producing a mushroom are quite slim. Everything has to be just
right to actually produce a mushroom. They don’t just grow everywhere
at random. This is why mushrooms are highly prized and hunted in the
wild. In our sterile laboratory however we can produce mushrooms that
are free of contaminates. Our mycologists cultivate a select species
indoor where the mushroom mycelium can grow without the harsh
environment nature sometimes provides. </p><p>Cultures can be taken
from spores or from the mushroom tissue itself. In the process of
germinating spores, many different strains are formed. All strains
however are not compatible with each other. In taking a culture from the
tissue of a living mushroom, the cultivator preserves the exact genetic
character of that specific mushroom. This is also known as cloning.
When spores are used, a single strain must be singled out from the vast
array of strains created. In both cases, the end result is basically a
network of cells. This is the amazing mycelium, the actual organism
that produces mushrooms.</p><h1>Stop, observe and learn from mother nature, for she has an answer to everything.</h1><h3><br />FUNGI AS A BUILDING MATERIAL:</h3></div></div><div class="sqs-block video-block sqs-block-video" data-block-json="{"layout":"caption-hidden","overlay":false,"description":{"html":"<p>Mycelium as a building material</p>","source":"<p>Mycelium as a building material</p>"},"hSize":null,"floatDir":null,"html":"<iframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/VWQznqpy3Ss?wmode=opaque&amp;enablejsapi=1\" height=\"480\" width=\"854\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\n</iframe>","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWQznqpy3Ss","width":854,"height":480,"providerName":"YouTube","thumbnailUrl":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/VWQznqpy3Ss/hqdefault.jpg","resolvedBy":"youtube"}" data-block-type="32" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1509449663773_38026"><div class="sqs-block-content" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_129"><div class="intrinsic" style="max-width: 100%;"><div class="embed-block-wrapper" style="padding-bottom: 56.2061%;"><div class="sqs-video-wrapper video-none" data-html="<iframe src="//www.youtube.com/embed/VWQznqpy3Ss?wmode=opaque&enablejsapi=1" height="480" width="854" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""><br/></iframe>" data-provider-name="YouTube" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_136"><div class="intrinsic"><div class="intrinsic-inner" style="padding-bottom: 56.2061%;">&lt;br/&gt;</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1509449663773_38091"><div class="sqs-block-content"><p> </p><h3>MANUFACTURED WOOD MADE WITHOUT TREES:</h3></div></div><div class="sqs-block video-block sqs-block-video" data-block-json="{"layout":"caption-hidden","overlay":false,"description":{"html":"<p>Ecovative Design has made a mission of replacing synthetic plastic polymers with natural mushroom based polymers. After disrupting the packaging industry with a line of fully biodegradable mushroom packaging, they are now setting their sights on replacing manufactured wood products.</p>","source":"<p>Ecovative Design has made a mission of replacing synthetic plastic polymers with natural mushroom based polymers. After disrupting the packaging industry with a line of fully biodegradable mushroom packaging, they are now setting their sights on replacing manufactured wood products.</p>"},"hSize":null,"floatDir":null,"html":"<iframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/DCjoiRa6aMQ?wmode=opaque&amp;enablejsapi=1\" height=\"480\" width=\"854\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\n</iframe>","url":"https://youtu.be/DCjoiRa6aMQ","width":854,"height":480,"providerName":"YouTube","thumbnailUrl":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/DCjoiRa6aMQ/hqdefault.jpg","resolvedBy":"youtube"}" data-block-type="32" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1509449663773_41520"><div class="sqs-block-content" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_171"><div class="intrinsic" style="max-width: 100%;"><div class="embed-block-wrapper" style="padding-bottom: 56.2061%;"><div class="sqs-video-wrapper video-none" data-html="<iframe src="//www.youtube.com/embed/DCjoiRa6aMQ?wmode=opaque&enablejsapi=1" height="480" width="854" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""><br/></iframe>" data-provider-name="YouTube" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_178"><div class="intrinsic"><div class="intrinsic-inner" style="padding-bottom: 56.2061%;">&lt;br/&gt;</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1509449663773_41586"><div class="sqs-block-content"><h3><br />PLASTIC EATING FUNGI</h3></div></div><div class="sqs-block video-block sqs-block-video" data-block-json="{"layout":"caption-hidden","overlay":false,"description":{"html":"<p>The future of food may involve recycling and a lot of mushrooms. The Fungi Mutarium system recycles plastic waste into an edible meal.&nbsp;</p>","source":"<p>The future of food may involve recycling and a lot of mushrooms. The Fungi Mutarium system recycles plastic waste into an edible meal.&nbsp;</p>"},"hSize":null,"floatDir":null,"html":"<iframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/gajEtR--GCg?wmode=opaque&amp;enablejsapi=1\" height=\"480\" width=\"854\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\n</iframe>","url":"https://youtu.be/gajEtR--GCg","width":854,"height":480,"providerName":"YouTube","thumbnailUrl":"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/gajEtR--GCg/hqdefault.jpg","resolvedBy":"youtube"}" data-block-type="32" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1509449663773_44103"><div class="sqs-block-content" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_211"><div class="intrinsic" style="max-width: 100%;"><div class="embed-block-wrapper" style="padding-bottom: 56.2061%;"><div class="sqs-video-wrapper video-none" data-html="<iframe src="//www.youtube.com/embed/gajEtR--GCg?wmode=opaque&enablejsapi=1" height="480" width="854" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""><br/></iframe>" data-provider-name="YouTube" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1621362088010_218"><div class="intrinsic"><div class="intrinsic-inner" style="padding-bottom: 56.2061%;">&lt;br/&gt;</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p>These examples are just a tip of the iceberg. Is the future a bio-based material world? We really hope so!</p><p> </p>Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-88917512013145775122021-08-29T18:24:00.000-07:002021-08-29T18:24:40.913-07:00Mycelium_Mushrooms - The Future is Fungi<p> The Mycelium_Mushrooms - The Future is Fungi</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL8o5J4nYoiukCUi5X7yyf2w-aB8StOlP0ayCQCJoNIaA6TjftwrwykWR8EASddkDVDlFhaX_vfmfIxOkkiZQQpGcCW5EkomqPKeES-TTkiaHr8Q6a1SYQU4M8ixyVX_b47JEyiUXZqAGq/s500/Mycelium-Mushrooms.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="500" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL8o5J4nYoiukCUi5X7yyf2w-aB8StOlP0ayCQCJoNIaA6TjftwrwykWR8EASddkDVDlFhaX_vfmfIxOkkiZQQpGcCW5EkomqPKeES-TTkiaHr8Q6a1SYQU4M8ixyVX_b47JEyiUXZqAGq/w400-h266/Mycelium-Mushrooms.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div> <p></p><p>Mycelium - The Future is Fungi<br />The Conscious Club<br />October 31, 2017<br />Mycelium - The Future is Fungi<br />They were here first...<br />Source: https://thegreentemple.net/articles/mycelium-the-future-is-fungi<br /><br />Did you know that long before trees overtook the land, earth was covered by giant mushrooms. Researchers found that land plants had evolved on Earth by about 700 million years ago and land fungi by about 1,300 million years ago. The largest living organism in the world today is a honey fungus measuring 2.4 miles (3.8 km) across in the Blue Mountains in Oregon. <br /><br /> <br />So what's so special about fungi and how do they contribute to the ecosystem?<br /><br />Fungi play an important role in energy cycling within, and between, ecosystems. Fungi are found in terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments, and are part of a diverse community of “decomposers” that break down dead plants and animals. Aside from fungi, this community includes bacteria, tiny invertebrates, such as nematodes, and larger invertebrates, like snails, beetles and earthworms. Fungi transform organic matter into forms that can be utilized by other decomposers, and into food for plants.<br />DECOMPOSITION<br /><br />Fungi live everywhere that moisture is present. They can be found as single-celled organisms, like yeast, that are invisible to the naked eye, and as multiple-celled organisms, like mushrooms, that are made up of strands of cells called “hyphae.” Fungi are so widespread and numerous that they make up a large proportion of the biomass in any given ecosystem. Fungi play a very important part in the decomposition process, because they can break down tough organic materials, such as cellulose and lignin, which invertebrates find difficult to digest. Fungi release digestive enzymes that are used to metabolize complex organic compounds into soluble nutrients, such as simple sugars, nitrates and phosphates. Unlike animals, that digest food inside their bodies, fungi digest food outside of their “bodies” and then absorb the nutrients into their cells.<br />NUTRIENT CYCLING<br /><br />Plants require nutrients for growth, but nutrients are seldom freely available in soil or water because they are locked up in insoluble compounds. Plants therefore rely on decomposers to provide them with soluble nutrients that can be taken up by roots. For instance nitrogen, one of the most important plant nutrients, is locked into proteins that are not easily taken up by plants -- although some plants have been shown to do so. Fungi metabolize proteins, and release inorganic forms of nitrogen, such as nitrate, that can easily be taken up by plant roots. In freshwater environments fungi are instrumental in the transfer of energy from riparian forest to aquatic ecosystems, by decomposing wood and leaf litter that fall into the water. In terrestrial systems, fungi transfer energy from above the ground, to below it, where it is recycled back to plants.<br /><br />SYMBIOSIS:<br />Some species of fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants. Mycorrhizal fungi are associated with plant roots. This relationship is mutually beneficial because fungi facilitate the transfer of nutrients from the soil into plant roots, and in turn receive carbon from the plant. Carbon is stored by fungi in the soil and therefore is not released as carbon dioxide. It was once thought that plants were the only source of carbon for mycorrhizal fungi. However, an article published in the May 2008 issue of “Functional Ecology” reveals that mycorrhizal fungi can actively decompose organic carbon, and therefore play a greater role in carbon loss and input from soil than previously thought. Lichens are another type of fungi that form a symbiotic relationship, but they do so with cyanobacteria. Lichens provide shelter for the bacteria, which in turn make energy and carbon for lichens via photosynthesis.<br /><br />FOOD SOURCE:<br />There are many animals that rely partially, or wholly, on fungi as a food source. Herbivorous mammals tend to be opportunistic fungus feeders, eating fungi if they come across it while browsing in the forest. However, for some animals fungi makes up a large part of their diets. Examples are the caribou, which relies heavily on tree lichens for food during the winter when leafy foods are not available, and the long-nosed potoroo, an Australian mammal whose diet consists almost entirely of fungal fruiting bodies. Many invertebrates also eat fungi, both opportunistically and actively. Stream invertebrates receive extra energy when they eat decaying leaves that have fungi growing on them. Banana slugs are commonly observed feeding on mushrooms and other fungi, which they appear to favor over other foods.<br />The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology. Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae) .<br /> <br /><br />The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology. Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae) .<br />What is Mycelium?<br /><br />The word mycelium literally means “more than one”. It is actually a plural form of the word Mycelia. The word has New Latin and Greek origins and was first coined in text in the early 1800’s, and refers to the thread-like body of a fungus. The main part of the fungus is the mycelia, which lives inside the substrate (wood, straw, grain, etc). The mushrooms that we eat are actually just a small visible part of the organism. In nature mushrooms "bloom" much like flowers do. Like flowers, mushrooms bloom during certain times of the year when the conditions are just right. To properly explain mycelium we have to get a little technical.<br /><br />Mushrooms do not reproduce by seed or gather energy by photosynthesis like plants do. They reproduce by means of spores. These spores germinate to produce a mass of interwoven, single-cell wide structures known as hyphae. Hyphae are sometimes also called Shiro. Collectively, masses of hyphae are known as the mycelium. <br /><br />Fungus absorbs nutrients from its environment (substrate, log, etc) through its mycelium in a two-stage process. First, the hyphae secrete enzymes into the decaying wood or other substrate. These enzymes break down biological polymers into smaller units such as monomers. The mycelium then absorbs these monomers, using a combination of facilitated diffusion and active transport. <br /><br />Just like an apple on a tree the mushroom is a fruit of these reproducing fungi. In nature the chances of mushroom spores germinating and then actually producing a mushroom are quite slim. Everything has to be just right to actually produce a mushroom. They don’t just grow everywhere at random. This is why mushrooms are highly prized and hunted in the wild. In our sterile laboratory however we can produce mushrooms that are free of contaminates. Our mycologists cultivate a select species indoor where the mushroom mycelium can grow without the harsh environment nature sometimes provides. <br /><br />Cultures can be taken from spores or from the mushroom tissue itself. In the process of germinating spores, many different strains are formed. All strains however are not compatible with each other. In taking a culture from the tissue of a living mushroom, the cultivator preserves the exact genetic character of that specific mushroom. This is also known as cloning. When spores are used, a single strain must be singled out from the vast array of strains created. In both cases, the end result is basically a network of cells. This is the amazing mycelium, the actual organism that produces mushrooms.</p><p><br />Stop, observe and learn from mother nature, for she has an answer to everything.<br /><br />Mycelium-Mushroom-Visions/Poem:<br />I have mushrooms growing on my "ceiling", each look like a "cherry", I give these mushroom "merit", reminds me of a psychedelic "bus", of course I am the "general" on this bus, there is also no "rent", mycelium is has a special foot-"print", many other mushrooms are "useless", I pick them from the "rural" regions, they are never "under" my feet, thereis a great "market" for mycelium in china, I always "discover" new mycelium locations, <br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-2365996533377547142021-05-06T13:15:00.005-07:002021-05-06T16:06:46.219-07:00This is the Apache2 Defualt Index.html File Welcome Ppage
<html>
<!--
Modified from the Debian original for Ubuntu
Last updated: 2016-11-16
See: https://launchpad.net/bugs/1288690
-->
<head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta>
<title>Apache2 Ubuntu Default Page: It works</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs1Y16KuitkYmHJ6v0ZJGpwecOYB5jwedCTAwf00tSKu2BBWLH91AedwxmkzMT78vzlMalzZoTy4kRErigkXoWdGQFRZS3o1tcIg7UekXq-B64G-vl3XNMsHKLHfDERo4EyXm6lrvFBBsS/s1200/Apache.svg.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs1Y16KuitkYmHJ6v0ZJGpwecOYB5jwedCTAwf00tSKu2BBWLH91AedwxmkzMT78vzlMalzZoTy4kRErigkXoWdGQFRZS3o1tcIg7UekXq-B64G-vl3XNMsHKLHfDERo4EyXm6lrvFBBsS/s320/Apache.svg.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p>
<div class="main_page">
<div class="page_header floating_element">
<img alt="Ubuntu Logo" class="floating_element" src="/icons/ubuntu-logo.png" />
<span class="floating_element">
Apache2 Ubuntu Default Page
</span>
</div>
<div class="table_of_contents floating_element">
<div class="section_header section_header_grey">
TABLE OF CONTENTS
</div>
<div class="table_of_contents_item floating_element">
<a href="#about">About</a>
</div>
<div class="table_of_contents_item floating_element">
<a href="#changes">Changes</a>
</div>
<div class="table_of_contents_item floating_element">
<a href="#scope">Scope</a>
</div>
<div class="table_of_contents_item floating_element">
<a href="#files">Config files</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content_section floating_element">
<div class="section_header section_header_red">
<div id="about"></div>
It works!
</div>
<div class="content_section_text">
<p>
'This is the Apache2 Defualt Index.html File Welcome Ppage' used to test
the correct operation of the Apache2 server after installation on Ubuntu systems.
It is based on the equivalent page on Debian, from which the Ubuntu Apache
packaging is derived.
If you can read this page, it means that the Apache HTTP server installed at
this site is working properly. You should <b>replace this file</b> (located at
<tt>/var/www/html/index.html</tt>) before continuing to operate your HTTP server.
</p>
<p>
If you are a normal user of this web site and don't know what this page is
about, this probably means that the site is currently unavailable due to
maintenance.
If the problem persists, please contact the site's administrator.
</p>
</div></div></div><br />
<div class="content_section_text">
<p>
Configuration Overview: </p><p>Ubuntu's Apache2 default configuration is different from the
upstream default configuration, and split into several files optimized for
interaction with Ubuntu tools. </p><p>The configuration system is
<b>fully documented in
/usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian.gz</b></p>
Refer to this for the full
documentation. Documentation for the web server itself can be
found by accessing the <a href="/manual">manual</a> if the <tt>apache2-doc</tt>
package was installed on this server.
</p>
<p>
The configuration layout for an Apache2 web server installation on Ubuntu systems is as follows:
</p>
<pre>/etc/apache2/
|-- apache2.conf
| `-- ports.conf
|-- mods-enabled
| |-- *.load
| `-- *.conf
|-- conf-enabled
| `-- *.conf
|-- sites-enabled
| `-- *.conf
</pre>
<ul>
<li>
<tt>apache2.conf</tt> is the main configuration
file. It puts the pieces together by including all remaining configuration
files when starting up the web server.
</li>
<li>
<tt>ports.conf</tt> is always included from the
main configuration file. It is used to determine the listening ports for
incoming connections, and this file can be customized anytime.
</li>
<li>
Configuration files in the <tt>mods-enabled/</tt>,
<tt>conf-enabled/</tt> and <tt>sites-enabled/</tt> directories contain
particular configuration snippets which manage modules, global configuration
fragments, or virtual host configurations, respectively.
</li>
<li>
They are activated by symlinking available
configuration files from their respective
*-available/ counterparts. These should be managed
by using our helpers
<tt>
a2enmod,
a2dismod,
</tt>
<tt>
a2ensite,
a2dissite,
</tt>
and
<tt>
a2enconf,
a2disconf
</tt>. See their respective man pages for detailed information.
</li>
<li>
The binary is called apache2. Due to the use of
environment variables, in the default configuration, apache2 needs to be
started/stopped with <tt>/etc/init.d/apache2</tt> or <tt>apache2ctl</tt>.
<b>Calling <tt>/usr/bin/apache2</tt> directly will not work</b> with the
default configuration.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section_header">
<div id="docroot"></div> </div><div class="section_header"> </div><div class="section_header"> Document Roots: </div><div class="section_header"> </div><div class="section_header"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiraGoic61dxxgmgB-u45SDCvOlOvbk5xVsDsWB84j6NPcAP4vDaZUWo_EYEz49ehyphenhyphenXyIShMojUjMNV-ukdi9G4RfxcFJ_8GXDul5-7KXW0yusOJ2PEwDWvQYhuWroS3GL4AeXNUGMg04M8/s650/apache-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiraGoic61dxxgmgB-u45SDCvOlOvbk5xVsDsWB84j6NPcAP4vDaZUWo_EYEz49ehyphenhyphenXyIShMojUjMNV-ukdi9G4RfxcFJ_8GXDul5-7KXW0yusOJ2PEwDWvQYhuWroS3GL4AeXNUGMg04M8/s320/apache-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div>
<div class="content_section_text">
<p>
By default, Ubuntu does not allow access through the web browser to
<i>any</i> file apart of those located in <tt>/var/www</tt>,
<a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_userdir.html" rel="nofollow">public_html</a>
directories (when enabled) and <tt>/usr/share</tt> (for web
applications). If your site is using a web document root
located elsewhere (such as in <tt>/srv</tt>) you may need to whitelist your
document root directory in <tt>/etc/apache2/apache2.conf</tt>.
</p>
<p>
The default Ubuntu document root is <tt>/var/www/html</tt>. You
can make your own virtual hosts under /var/www. This is different
to previous releases which provides better security out of the box.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section_header">
<div id="bugs"></div>
Reporting Problems
</div>
<div class="content_section_text">
<p>
Please use the <tt>ubuntu-bug</tt> tool to report bugs in the
Apache2 package with Ubuntu. However, check <a href="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/apache2" rel="nofollow">existing bug reports</a> before reporting a new bug.
</p>
<p>
Please report bugs specific to modules (such as PHP and others)
to respective packages, not to the web server itself.
</p>
</div>
<div class="validator">
</div>
</body>
</html>
Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-82067592638415818762021-01-15T04:16:00.009-08:002021-01-26T22:07:44.433-08:00.Onion Tor-Network Nodes Research<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijDSkBSgrKGyFtZF7C8CXu6D2UnqQC7pqtvoN1IxskLJU8kq3pW3nZ5K0wUq7I12nEMuGtXUqb9JqKMyVbkIgk3Grh1ghsFeAVHkK_NKyAySXtDx96OVqJfslxRcvvsHS-iv2weRoZEv09/s860/.Onion+Tor-Network+Nodes+Research.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="560" data-original-width="860" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijDSkBSgrKGyFtZF7C8CXu6D2UnqQC7pqtvoN1IxskLJU8kq3pW3nZ5K0wUq7I12nEMuGtXUqb9JqKMyVbkIgk3Grh1ghsFeAVHkK_NKyAySXtDx96OVqJfslxRcvvsHS-iv2weRoZEv09/w640-h416/.Onion+Tor-Network+Nodes+Research.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />0. <a href="https://hackertarget.com/tor-exit-node-visualization/" target="_blank">Hack Target DoT Com</a><p></p><p>1. <a href="https://tools.tracemyip.org/search--state/new+mexico">Tools_Trace_My_IP.org-New-Mexico</a></p><p>2. <a href="https://protonmail.com/tor" target="_blank">ProtonMail+Tor</a></p><p>3. <a href="https://www.torproject.org/" target="_blank">TorProject Official Website</a></p><p>4. <a href="https://protonmail.com/support/knowledge-base/tor-setup/" target="_blank">ProtonMail+Tor Setup Instructions</a></p><p>5. <a href="https://protonmail.com/" target="_blank">ProtonMail Main Website</a></p><p>6. <a href="http://en.louhlbgyupgktsw7.onion/" target="_blank">OnionMail WebSite: Must Visit via TorBrowser</a></p><p>7. </p><p>8. </p><p>9. </p><p>10. </p><p> </p>Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-19717054086400659322020-11-22T00:17:00.002-08:002020-11-22T00:17:20.987-08:00Reference Research: BiCycle Generator<p> </p><div class="post-header" style="background-color: #efefef; 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font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; padding: 5px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div class="full-post-ads" style="overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><div class="post-right" style="margin: 0px !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><div class="post-break-links" style="overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><div class="post-break-link" style="color: #666666; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="fa fa-angle-right" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-rendering: auto;"></span> <a href="https://www.thinkinghumanity.com/2017/09/researchers-explain-why-2000-year-old-roman-concrete-has-such-incredible-longevity.html" style="color: #ea3a00; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-decoration-line: none;">Researchers Explain Why 2,000 Year-Old Roman Concrete Has Such Incredible Longevity</a></div><div class="post-break-link" style="color: #666666; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="fa fa-angle-right" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-rendering: auto;"></span> <a href="https://www.thinkinghumanity.com/2017/09/chinese-designed-a-gigantic-solar-farm-thats-shaped-like-a-panda.html" style="color: #ea3a00; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-decoration-line: none;">Chinese Designed A Gigantic Solar Farm That's Shaped Like A Panda</a></div><div class="post-break-link" style="color: #666666; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="fa fa-angle-right" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-rendering: auto;"></span> <a href="https://www.thinkinghumanity.com/2017/07/ocean-cleanup-project-is-ready-to-launch-in-2017-after-raising-217-million.html" style="color: #ea3a00; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-decoration-line: none;">Ocean Cleanup Project Is Ready To Launch In 2017 After Raising $21.7 Million</a></div></div></div></div><div style="clear: both; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></div><div class="post-body-inner" style="line-height: 1.7em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><center style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></center><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">People often complain about both the high cost of <a href="https://www.thinkinghumanity.com/2016/11/science-says-humans-can-absorb-the-energy-of-others.html" style="color: #ea3a00; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-decoration-line: none;">energy</a> and the fact that "they don't have time to exercise." This invention certainly solves both problems.</p><a name="more" style="cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></a><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">It is an invention that could provide free electricity to 1.3 billion people living without electricity due to extreme poverty. Manoj Bhargava has built an exercise bike to power the millions of <a href="https://www.thinkinghumanity.com/2020/04/former-us-president-jimmy-carter-built-state-of-the-art-solar-farm-and-powers-half-of-his-home-city.html" style="color: #ea3a00; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-decoration-line: none;">homes</a> around the world that have little or no electricity.</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><div class="inner-post-ads" style="margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 20px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></div><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Early next year, he plans to distribute 10,000 of his free Electric - Battery Equipped - Bicycles to India, which he claims cover the energy needs of a home, lighting and other appliances for an entire day, by cycling an hour.</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Bhargava, who dropped out of Princeton University after a year because he was bored and then lived for 12 years in an ashram in his hometown in India, does not stop in bicycles. He has tried to find ways to make seawater drinkable, boost body circulation, and provide unlimited amounts of geothermal energy through a graphene cable.</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">"If you have wealth, it is your duty to help those who do not have it," he says. "Make a difference in people's lives. Don't just talk about it."</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Could his bike really work? Will people trust it, or will they have space in their homes for it? "It has enormous potential and opportunities for rural households," said Ajaita Shah, CEO of Frontier Markets, a company that sells solar lamps and lighting systems in India and says she would like to try the bike on her customers living in rural areas.</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><div class="inner-post-ads-2" style="margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 20px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></div><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">"It's so simple that we think we can make it for $ 100. A bicycle repairman can customize it anywhere," Bhargava said in an interview. The pedal turns a generator that produces electricity, which is stored in a battery.</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><center style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img alt="Would You Cycle For An Hour Every Day If It Powered Your Home For 24 Hours?" border="0" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghdKi7T2Y6WpFsYlbcXFIa4vPrpVUKtzMHF8Is67pupBJ78jSt-MTHRkCJEU_4GCxHnMklZZUS1Ge-5X675fb22-YyYVt3ORKxQYqb_q452DVzZII6sUBKGZjvruqRdSKQTV-tYvGQSR0/s1600/Would+You+Cycle+For+An+Hour+Every+Day+If+It+Powered+Your+Home+For+24+Hours1.webp" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" title="Would You Cycle For An Hour Every Day If It Powered Your Home For 24 Hours?" width="100%" /></center><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">The first 50 bikes will be tested in 15 or 20 small villages in the northern province of Uttarakhand before the final total installation, which will happen in the first quarter of next year.</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Big problems and simple solutions...</h2><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">The Bhargava team has come up with innovative ideas in health, <a href="https://www.thinkinghumanity.com/2019/09/kenya-installs-the-first-solar-plant-to-turn-ocean-water-into-drinking-water-as-a-potential-solution-to-the-global-water-crisis.html" style="color: #ea3a00; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-decoration-line: none;">water</a>, and energy. They design "Renew," a medical device that acts as an auxiliary heart by sending blood from the legs to the body.</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">To deal with the drought, they have built the "Rain Maker," which converts 1,000 gallons per hour of all kinds of water to drinking water and is already being tested at a desalination plant in New <a href="https://www.thinkinghumanity.com/2020/02/student-in-mexico-invented-rubber-road-pavement-that-self-repairs-in-rain.html" style="color: #ea3a00; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-decoration-line: none;">Mexico</a>.</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Bhargava has an even bigger idea that aims to make the world independent of fossil fuels, which emit greenhouse gases. Whatever people think about climate change, he says, "pollution is a problem." His answer: draw the heat that is deep inside the Earth.</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><center style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img alt="Would You Cycle For An Hour Every Day If It Powered Your Home For 24 Hours?" border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3OZe8BEWC2OVlL6Yg0UDSxfzpARu_Dhyphenhyphenh6aCT3z_b7rW5sKbGRS9pYlXQh3VD9lqo7DKaM6lg_FUYjp8LwPC7LDkM0nN503hPNFXU6iy1V3OGyDH2u4LFlUALeM0ymEqoevqT3HLXczY/s1600/Would+You+Cycle+For+An+Hour+Every+Day+If+It+Powered+Your+Home+For+24+Hours2.webp" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" title="Would You Cycle For An Hour Every Day If It Powered Your Home For 24 Hours?" width="100%" /></center><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">While geothermal energy is already widely used in some countries, such as Indonesia and Iceland, Bhargava is adopting a new approach. Instead of using steam mixed with chemicals to bring this heat to the surface, he will pump it with a <a href="https://www.thinkinghumanity.com/2019/10/according-to-study-hemp-batteries-are-more-powerful-than-graphene-and-lithium.html" style="color: #ea3a00; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-decoration-line: none;">graphene</a> cable as the graphene is more durable than <a href="https://www.thinkinghumanity.com/2019/08/the-first-hemp-airplane-on-earth-will-be-stronger-than-steel-and-powered-by-hemp.html" style="color: #ea3a00; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-decoration-line: none;">steel</a> and is an incredible heat conductor.</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">"You don't need any combustion… Once you bring the heat up, you don't need to change any of the existing infrastructures," he says, explaining that it could simply be distributed from existing units instead of coal, oil, or gas.</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">"This is, in my opinion, the ultimate solution," he said, adding that this type of geothermal energy could replace 85% of fossil fuels today. He claims that according to the maps, half of the world has plenty of underground heat, which with graphene cables, could be distributed to the other half.</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><center style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img alt="Would You Cycle For An Hour Every Day If It Powered Your Home For 24 Hours?" border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6fC_ZGruv_6gm5cr86ch_kNmp9YMC8DXkzo2lGmZUigL1jNVHz-R6X2k1WyMIPiJ3x0DAWWJUZNuWoCbaeqWe6KDwNg3i794LmmgrNasWII9kCU-87PEJvzyVjaaulLomIOis0gtskjY/s1600/Would+You+Cycle+For+An+Hour+Every+Day+If+It+Powered+Your+Home+For+24+Hours3.webp" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" title="Would You Cycle For An Hour Every Day If It Powered Your Home For 24 Hours?" width="100%" /></center><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">"I think someone is going to kill me," he says, laughing, noting that such an idea could disrupt the geopolitical map. He works with a graphene research center in Singapore to develop a cable and plans to present the available images later this year.</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Bhargava says he sees no altruism in his charity. "I like the job," he says. "Ιt is not retribution. It's gotta be this, otherwise 'what else' can I do?"</p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><center style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" autohide="1;showinfo=0" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Cgb9lfKW_d4" style="display: block; margin: 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; width: 728px;" title="Would You Cycle For An Hour Every Day If It Powered Your Home For 24 Hours?" width="360"></iframe></center><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">All photo credits: <a href="https://www.tilestwra.com/me-molis-1-ora-pano-se-afto-to-podilato-to-spiti-mas-tha-bori-na-echi-revma-gia-24-ores/" style="color: #ea3a00; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">tilestwra.com</a></p><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /></div></div>Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-56493839601933506542020-08-13T21:07:00.002-07:002020-11-22T00:20:28.284-08:00DD-WRT CiSCO LinkSys WRT64G2-1.0 Upgrade-Guide<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="firstHeading">
Linksys WRT54G2 v1.0</h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZyQSCcSlTX2EnDAePt7oeCTJ52tRRd6J2_VNtKH0m4bM0UQUIC5S5PUtGp2nnOeozZJjcsqy8jYrsCznSJBfWYsUngK1oXYksRpty9gDoLmLvtYhSWTmIAv6KcAwro0SbZx0vlI0UhgAs/s1936/Cisco_Linksys_WRT54G2_V1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1936" data-original-width="1936" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZyQSCcSlTX2EnDAePt7oeCTJ52tRRd6J2_VNtKH0m4bM0UQUIC5S5PUtGp2nnOeozZJjcsqy8jYrsCznSJBfWYsUngK1oXYksRpty9gDoLmLvtYhSWTmIAv6KcAwro0SbZx0vlI0UhgAs/w640-h640/Cisco_Linksys_WRT54G2_V1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>
<span style="color: red;">These are instructions for the WRT54G2 V1.0 ONLY. </span><br />
<br />
See here for the <a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.3_%26_WRT54GS2_v1.0" title="Linksys WRT54G2 v1.3 & WRT54GS2 v1.0">WRT54G2_v1.3 or WRT54GS2v1.0</a>.
<br />
<table class="toc" id="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle">
<h2>
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Hardware"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Hardware</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Install_Procedure"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Install Procedure</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Updating_DD-WRT"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Updating DD-WRT</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Linksys_Firmware_is_VxWorks_OS"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Linksys Firmware is VxWorks OS</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Micro_builds"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Micro builds</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Reverting_back_to_stock_Linksys_firmware"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Reverting back to stock Linksys firmware</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Reverting_via_VxWorksRevert"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reverting via VxWorksRevert</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Reverting_through_JTAG"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Reverting through JTAG</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Reverting_Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Reverting Notes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Historical_Alternate_Flash_instructions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Historical Alternate Flash instructions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Procedure"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Procedure</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Troubleshooting"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Troubleshooting</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Forum"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Forum</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#TFTP_troubleshooting"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">TFTP troubleshooting</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Issues_after_firmware_upload"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Issues after firmware upload</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Flashing_Power_Light"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Flashing Power Light</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Unbricking_WRT54G2"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Unbricking WRT54G2</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Reporting_a_bug_in_DD-WRT"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Reporting a bug in DD-WRT</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Credits"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Credits</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Hardware"></a><h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hardware">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Hardware</span></h2>
<a class="external free" href="https://wikidevi.com/wiki/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0" rel="nofollow" title="https://wikidevi.com/wiki/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0">https://wikidevi.com/wiki/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0</a>
<br />
<ul>
<li>CPU: Broadcom BCM5354 @ 240 MHz
</li>
<li>RAM / Flash (ROM): 16 MB / 2 MB
</li>
<li>S/N Prefix: CSV (<i>Warning: this is the same for all <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksys_WRT54G_series#WRT54G2" rel="nofollow" title="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksys_WRT54G_series#WRT54G2">WRT54G2v1.x routers</a>)</i>
</li>
</ul>
Unlike most WRT54* models, the BCM5354 clock is locked and cannot be overclocked.
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Install_Procedure"></a><h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Install Procedure">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Install Procedure</span></h2>
Carefully read the <a class="external text" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=51486" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=51486">Peacock announcement</a><br />
<b>NOTE:</b> WRT54G2v1.0 only can use micro builds, and <b>DO NOT USE VINT BUILDS</b>
<br />
<ol>
<li>Download <a class="external free" href="ftp://ftp.dd-wrt.com/others/eko/WRT54G2V1%20Flashing/VxWorksKiller-G2V1-new.bin" rel="nofollow" title="ftp://ftp.dd-wrt.com/others/eko/WRT54G2V1%20Flashing/VxWorksKiller-G2V1-new.bin">ftp://ftp.dd-wrt.com/others/eko/WRT54G2V1%20Flashing/VxWorksKiller-G2V1-new.bin</a>
</li>
<li>Download <a class="external free" href="ftp://ftp.dd-wrt.com/others/eko/WRT54G2V1%20Flashing/dd-wrt.v24-10709_NEWD_micro.bin" rel="nofollow" title="ftp://ftp.dd-wrt.com/others/eko/WRT54G2V1%20Flashing/dd-wrt.v24-10709_NEWD_micro.bin">ftp://ftp.dd-wrt.com/others/eko/WRT54G2V1%20Flashing/dd-wrt.v24-10709_NEWD_micro.bin</a>
</li>
<li>Download <a class="external free" href="ftp://ftp.dd-wrt.com/others/eko/WRT54G2V1%20Flashing/tftp.exe" rel="nofollow" title="ftp://ftp.dd-wrt.com/others/eko/WRT54G2V1%20Flashing/tftp.exe">ftp://ftp.dd-wrt.com/others/eko/WRT54G2V1%20Flashing/tftp.exe</a> (Windows TFTP client)
</li>
<li>Reset the router to defaults on the Linksys Admin page, then let it reboot.
<ul>
<li>Read the <a class="external text" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=51486" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=51486">Peacock announcement</a> Note 11 (How to TFTP) and the <a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Tftp_flash" title="Tftp flash">Tftp_flash</a> wiki.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Set the computer to a static IP address e.g. 192.168.1.8, subnet 255.255.255.0
</li>
<li>Connect an ethernet cable from the computer into a LAN port of the G2v1. <b>Do not use wireless!</b>
</li>
<li>Login (username is blank, password = admin) and navigate to <i>Admin->Firmware Upgrade</i> page. Browse to the <i>VxWorksKiller-G2V1-new.bin</i>, press Upgrade and wait 120 seconds for it to reboot itself
<ul>
<li>If it does not, power cycle the router manually.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Wait another 120 seconds then reboot again. Router should now be listening for TFTP transfer of DD-WRT
</li>
<li>Run the downloaded <i>tftp.exe</i> (to avoid issues, open as administrator) and set the following:
<ul>
<li>Server: 192.168.1.1
</li>
<li>Password: (Leave Blank)
</li>
<li>File: click Browse then select "dd-wrt.v24-10709_NEWD_micro.bin" (from step 2)
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tftp the downloaded DD-WRT micro firmware to the router, use <i>dd-wrt.v24-10709_NEWD_micro.bin</i>
</li>
<li>After successful tftp, wait 3 min for the router to finish
writing new nvram defaults, etc. It should reboot on its own at least
twice, so wait 3 min then go to <a class="external free" href="http://192.168.1.1/" rel="nofollow" title="http://192.168.1.1">http://192.168.1.1</a>
<ul>
<li>If it does not reboot on its own, wait another 1 min, and then power cycle
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When finished booting, hard reset then let it boot again, set a password, and login to DD-WRT
</li>
<li>Upgrade to <a class="external text" href="https://download1.dd-wrt.com/dd-wrtv2/downloads/betas/2010/08-12-10-r14929/broadcom/dd-wrt.v24_micro_generic.bin" rel="nofollow" title="https://download1.dd-wrt.com/dd-wrtv2/downloads/betas/2010/08-12-10-r14929/broadcom/dd-wrt.v24_micro_generic.bin">14929 micro_generic.bin</a>, following the steps in note 1 of the Peacock announcement
</li>
<li>Set your computer back to automatically obtaining DHCP and DNS.
</li>
<li>Restart your internet browser to avoid <a class="external text" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=52876" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=52876">blank apply.cgi issue</a>
</li>
</ol>
For more information and builds: <a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Index:FAQ#Where_do_I_download_firmware.3F" title="Index:FAQ">Index:FAQ#Where_do_I_download_firmware.3F</a>
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Updating_DD-WRT"></a><h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Updating DD-WRT">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Updating DD-WRT</span></h4>
DO NOT USE THE ROUTER DATABASE! See the <a class="external text" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=51486" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=51486">Peacock announcement</a> for recommended builds, or research new builds threads for k2.4 micro builds routers, particularly for BCM5354 chipset routers.
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Linksys_Firmware_is_VxWorks_OS"></a><h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Linksys Firmware is VxWorks OS">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"> Linksys Firmware is VxWorks OS</span></h4>
Unlike classic WRT54 versions, it is <b>not</b> possible to upgrade
directly via stock Linksys web interface on the WRT54G2. OEM firmware
runs a vxworks-based OS and requires a special procedure outlined below.
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Micro_builds"></a><h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Micro builds">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Micro builds</span></h4>
Once DD-WRT is installed, other micro, <a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Micro-plus" title="Micro-plus">Micro-plus</a>, or micro-plus_ssh versions can be flashed. For description of Micro features, see <a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/What_is_DD-WRT%3F#File_Versions" title="What is DD-WRT?">this feature matrix</a>.
<br />
<ul>
<li>Micro-plus and micro-plus_ssh builds disappeared from the download site, see <a class="external text" href="https://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=40011" rel="nofollow" title="https://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=40011">here</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=1090693#1090693" rel="nofollow" title="https://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=1090693#1090693">here</a>. 18946 was the last micro-plus (currently not available), so for newer builds use <i>micro_generic</i>.
</li>
</ul>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Reverting_back_to_stock_Linksys_firmware"></a><h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reverting back to stock Linksys firmware">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"> Reverting back to stock Linksys firmware </span></h2>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Reverting_via_VxWorksRevert"></a><h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reverting via VxWorksRevert">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"> Reverting via VxWorksRevert </span></h4>
<a class="external text" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=451255#451255" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=451255#451255">Cybermiguel has successfully reverted a WRT54G2 V1.0</a>
using Brainslayer's VxWorksRevert tool for the WRT54GSv7 using the
steps below. This has been confirmed by at least two other people.
<br />
<ol>
<li> Download the <a class="external text" href="http://download1.dd-wrt.com/dd-wrtv2/downloads/others/tornado/GSv7/vxworksrevert-GSv7-v3.bin" rel="nofollow" title="http://download1.dd-wrt.com/dd-wrtv2/downloads/others/tornado/GSv7/vxworksrevert-GSv7-v3.bin">VxWorksRevert-GSv7.bin</a> image and save it to a memorable location you can browse to in the next step.
</li>
<li> Log into DD-WRT on your router via the web interface and go to <b>Administration</b> -> <b>Firmware Upgrade</b>, selecting the <b>VxWorksRevert.bin</b> file that you've just downloaded as the new firmware.
</li>
<li> Wait at least 2 minutes for the router to update. The power light on the device will begin flashing.
</li>
<li> Power cycle the router. When turning back on, the power light
will still continue to flash but you will now be able to access the
Management Mode at <a class="external free" href="http://192.168.1.1/" rel="nofollow" title="http://192.168.1.1/">http://192.168.1.1/</a>.
NOTE: At this point, there is no wireless enabled, so if you are
flashing wirelessly you will need to plug in an Ethernet cable to update
the router.
</li>
<li> Download the Linksys WRT54GSv7 firmware <a class="external text" href="http://download1.dd-wrt.com/dd-wrtv2/downloads/others/tornado/GSv7/WRT54GSv7_v7.50.2_fw.bin" rel="nofollow" title="http://download1.dd-wrt.com/dd-wrtv2/downloads/others/tornado/GSv7/WRT54GSv7_v7.50.2_fw.bin">here</a> and upload it via the Management Mode web interface. On successful completion, power cycle the router.
</li>
<li> After 45 seconds or so, browsing to <a class="external free" href="http://192.168.1.1/" rel="nofollow" title="http://192.168.1.1/">http://192.168.1.1/</a> will now display the default Linksys firmware (albeit labelled as a WRT54GSv7).
</li>
<li> Download the <a class="external text" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/download.php?id=18370" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/download.php?id=18370">modified official WRT54G2 V1.0 firmware</a> and upload it via the Firmware Upgrade page on the web interface. Wait for it to reboot.
</li>
<li> Tada! Your router is now back to stock factory firmware.
</li>
</ol>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Reverting_through_JTAG"></a><h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reverting through JTAG">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"> Reverting through JTAG </span></h4>
Reverting through JTAG results in a generic mac address that can be
fixed with mac clone. Anyone willing to try it with JTAG, here is a
"generic" original Linksys wholeflash for the WRT54G2V1. It has an
embedded MAC address of 00:21:29:00:00:01
<br />
This MUST be loaded back to the unit with JTAG...no exceptions.
This is an altered/edited wholeflash.bin file from my virgin unit,
before dd-wrt was loaded.
<br />
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/download.php?id=7343" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/download.php?id=7343">generic-WHOLEFLASH.BIN</a> - This is vworks, not linux
</li>
</ul>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Reverting_Notes"></a><h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reverting Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"> Reverting Notes </span></h4>
I followed the Reverting via VxWorksRevert exactly but couldn't get
past step about uploading the bin file to the Management Mode web
interface. It would NEVER work. After troubleshooting the issue, I
re-downloaded the .bin file and tried it again and it worked. So, if
you get "Upgrade Failed" when uploading bin files to the management
mode, try re-downloading the .bin file.
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Historical_Alternate_Flash_instructions"></a><h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical Alternate Flash instructions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Historical Alternate Flash instructions</span></h2>
<span style="color: red;"><b>This and the original procedure, using a two step VxWorks removal process, are deprecated.</b></span><br />
The Prep and Killer .bin files are no longer available. <b>Use the new <a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Install_Procedure" title="Linksys WRT54G2 v1.0">Install Procedure</a> instead.</b>
<br />For the old method, read the <a class="external text" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=40142" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=40142">WRT54G2v1.0 thread</a>.<br />
<br />
<b>Disclaimer: DON'T DO THIS IF YOU ARE UNSURE ABOUT HOW TO
FOLLOW THROUGH ON ANY OF THE STEPS! YOU CAN EASILY BRICK YOUR ROUTER BY
NOT FOLLOWING THESE STEPS FULLY!</b>
<br />
This How-To is to install DD-WRT on a WRT54G2v1 without using any
of the Linksys tftp programs. This would allow you to install DD-WRT
from almost any correctly configured OS with a tftp client and ping
program.
<br />
This is based on the original instructions for installing DD-WRT
on the WRT54G2 and my own experiences installing Eko's 13000 NEWD Micro
Plus w/ SSH (Sept 30, 2009). [See <a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0#Micro_builds" title="Linksys WRT54G2 v1.0">Micro builds</a>]
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Overview"></a><h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Overview</span></h4>
With the router still disconnected from the computer:
<br />
<ol>
<li>Download the correct files needed to install DD-WRT to your computer
</li>
<li> Hard resett your router
</li>
<li> Configure your computer with a static IP address on the same subnet as the router
</li>
</ol>
After connecting the computer to one of the router's LAN ethernet ports:
<br />
<ol>
<li> Ping the router at it's IP address CONTINUOUSLY and setting up tftp
</li>
<li> Connect the computer to the router and checking for issues
</li>
<li> Put the router in maintenance mode
</li>
<li> tftp VxWorksPrep-G2V1.bin to the router
</li>
<li> tftp VxWorksKiller-G2V1.bin to the router
</li>
<li> tftp a Micro build of DD-WRT to the router
</li>
<li> After 5 minutes, power cycle the router and check for issues
</li>
<li> Hard reset the router, wait 5 minutes, set a password and configure DD-WRT
</li>
</ol>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Procedure"></a><h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Procedure">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Procedure</span></h4>
This How-To does not contain instructions on installing DD-WRT from
any BSD-like OS except for Mac OS X, and assumes that you have read the
Peacock announcement and official installation instructions, and know
how to use the OS you install DD-WRT from, including the Command Prompt
(Terminal).
<br />
<ol>
<li>Download the the files needed for installing DD-WRT to the
router. You'll need VxWorksPrep-G2V1.bin, VxWorksKiller-G2V1.bin, and
one of the Micro builds of your choice.
</li>
<li>BEFORE following through with the rest of these steps, make
sure the computer is DISCONNECTED from your router and do a HARD RESET
or 30/30/30! It is in the official installation instructions for ALL
routers and is included in many install guides on these forums. Please,
BEFORE following through with the rest of these steps, do a HARD RESET
or 30/30/30!
</li>
<li>Configure your computer with a static IP of 192.168.1.x (x can have any value from 2-254) and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0.
</li>
<li>Open 2 Command Prompt/Terminal windows or just work with the
CLI if that's what you're using but be logged into at least 2 virtual
terminals. On one of them issue the command:
</li>
</ol>
<pre>ping (-t (for Windows only)) 192.168.1.1
</pre>
(the router's IP address) which only give you multiple "Request
timeouts" for now, while in the other Command Prompt/Terminal window
setup tftp to upload the files to the router by issuing these commands:
<br />
<pre>tftp 192.168.1.1
binary
rexmt 1
timeout 60
trace
verbose
</pre>
DO NOT EXIT AFTER THE LAST COMMAND IS ENTERED! Instead, type:
<br />
<pre>put VxWorksPrep-G2V1.bin
</pre>
at the prompt. DO NOT PRESS ENTER YET!
<br />
<ol>
<li>Connect the computer the router making sure the plug the
ethernet cable into one of the four ETHERNET ports, NOT THE INTERNET
PORT. In the Command Prompt/Terminal window where ping is running you
should see responses such as this:
</li>
</ol>
<pre>64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3918 ttl=64 time=1.812 ms
This is good.
</pre>
<ol>
<li>Put the router in maintenance mode by the doing the following:
</li>
</ol>
A- Power off (unplug) the router and wait for 30 seconds. Make sure
to hold the tip of a pointy object (a pen works best) so that it is just
touching the reset button on the router. In the pinging Command
Prompt/Terminal window, you'll see responses like this:
<br />
<pre>Request timeout for icmp_seq 3908
</pre>
This is also good.<br />
B- PAY ATTENTION THE COMMAND PROMPT/TERMINAL WINDOW WITH THE PING
RUNNING. Also make sure that the window in which the tftp commands where
entered is in focus. Power (plug in) the router and immediately after,
press and hold the reset button for ~5 seconds. You'll then get these
responses:
<br />
<pre>64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3967 ttl=100 time=5.971 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3968 ttl=100 time=1.695 ms
</pre>
Now for the VxWorksPrep.
<br />
<ol>
<li>HIT THE ENTER KEY NOW AS THE RESPONSES ARE ONLY FOR 2 SECONDS! In the window with ping running you'll see these responses:
</li>
</ol>
<pre>64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4003 ttl=100 time=5.646 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4004 ttl=100 time=1.654 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4005 ttl=100 time=2.850 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4006 ttl=100 time=3.148 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4007 ttl=100 time=2.328 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4008 ttl=100 time=3.510 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4009 ttl=100 time=2.469 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4010 ttl=100 time=2.803 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4011 ttl=100 time=1.987 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4012 ttl=100 time=4.074 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4013 ttl=100 time=2.356 ms
</pre>
The VxWorksPrep-G2V1.bin will be tftp'ed to the router. Wait 1 minute
for the router to reboot. If successful, the response to the pings will
look like this:
<br />
<pre>64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3092 ttl=100 time=1.074 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3093 ttl=100 time=0.717 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3094 ttl=100 time=0.728 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3095 ttl=100 time=0.699 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3096 ttl=100 time=0.633 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3097 ttl=100 time=0.706 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3098 ttl=100 time=0.715 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3099 ttl=100 time=0.651 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3100 ttl=100 time=0.647 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3101 ttl=100 time=0.641 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3102 ttl=100 time=0.642 ms
</pre>
The router is now ready for VxWorksKiller.
<br />
<ol>
<li>In the same window as where you entered the tftp commands run the command for tftp'ing VxWorksKiller-G2V1.bin to the router:
</li>
</ol>
<pre>put VxWorksKiller-G2V1.bin
</pre>
You'll get the same responses in the window running ping with as when
you tftp'ed the VxWorksPrep-G2V1.bin to the router. Wait 2 minutes for
the router to reboot. When the router reboots the responses from the
pings will have a ttl of 100.
<br />
<ol>
<li>In the tftp window, run the command:
</li>
</ol>
<pre>put dd-wrt.v24(rest of the file's name).bin
</pre>
You'll get more ttl=100 responses from the pinging. Once the tftp has
finished, the router WILL reboot. LEAVE THE ROUTER ALONE AND TAKE 5!
<br />
<ol>
<li>Power cycle the router (unplug and plug in the power cord), then
hard reset the router again. When router fully boots up, open up a web
browser (Firefox, Internet Explorer or Safari) and go to 192.168.1.1. If
the you get a page asking you to enter a new username and password,
success! If not go back to step 6 (provided that you didn't close any
windows, if so go back to step 4) and try again.
</li>
<li>Once you have succeeded in getting DD-WRT on the router, hard
reset the router again, wait 5 minutes, go to 192.168.1.1 and go about
configuring DD-WRT to suit.
</li>
<li>YOU'RE DONE!
</li>
</ol>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Troubleshooting"></a><h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Troubleshooting">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"> Troubleshooting </span></h2>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Forum"></a><h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Forum">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"> Forum </span></h4>
Search the <a class="external text" href="https://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewforum.php?f=1" rel="nofollow" title="https://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewforum.php?f=1">Broadcom Forum</a> and review the <a class="external text" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=40142" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=40142">WRT54G2v1.0 thread</a> for more information.
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="TFTP_troubleshooting"></a><h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: TFTP troubleshooting">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"> TFTP troubleshooting </span></h4>
<ul>
<li> Linux users can use this tool: <a class="external free" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/dd-wrtv2/downloads/others/tornado/Linux_Linksys_Tftp/linksys-tftp.tar.bz2" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/dd-wrtv2/downloads/others/tornado/Linux_Linksys_Tftp/linksys-tftp.tar.bz2">http://www.dd-wrt.com/dd-wrtv2/downloads/others/tornado/Linux_Linksys_Tftp/linksys-tftp.tar.bz2</a>
</li>
<li> Linksys tftp.exe and tftp2.exe seem to have a problem working
through Vista. Several users have complained of connection problems
using Vista (see below). However, tftp.exe and tftp2.exe seem to work
well in XP. Try disabling Windows firewall in Vista before using
tftp.exe. Try using another tftp program that allows a password or set
the password to blank and use the Vista command line tftp program.
</li>
<li> <b>Empty password workaround to use standard tftp</b>: If you
cannot use Linksys tftp and must use standard tftp that does not take
password, there is a workaround from Eko: Login to the linksys and set
the password to be empty (no characters at all). Save and exit the
router. Then you can uses command line tftp without password.
</li>
<li> <b>Possible workaround for tftp on Vista and Windows 7</b>:
Right-click on the "tftp.exe" file that you downloaded and select
"Properties" from the menu. At the bottom of the Properties dialog, you
will see "Security: This file came from another computer and might be
blocked to help protect this computer." Click on the "Unblock" button
next to that and then click "OK". tftp should work after that.
</li>
</ul>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Issues_after_firmware_upload"></a><h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Issues after firmware upload">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"> Issues after firmware upload </span></h4>
For cgi errors after installation of dd-wrt, try a <a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Hard_reset_or_30/30/30" title="Hard reset or 30/30/30">hard reset</a>.
Try instructions from the <a class="external text" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=51486" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=51486">"Peacock announcement"</a>.
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Flashing_Power_Light"></a><h5>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flashing Power Light">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Flashing Power Light</span></h5>
If you have a continuously flashing power light, the router is not
bricked and can be reflashed. This normally happens when the flash is
corrupted from a firmware upgrade. In order to fix this download the
latest firmware from Linksys and put the router in management mode by
doing the following:
<br />
<ol>
<li>Connect power and Connect to a PC using any of the 1-4 Ethernet ports. Set up the PC to do 10Mbps Half duplex.
</li>
<li>Open a browser, preferably Mozilla Firefox and type 192.168.1.1 in the address bar [dont press enter yet].
</li>
<li>Press and hold reset button for 30 seconds.
</li>
<li>While holding the reset button unplug power and wait 30 seconds.
</li>
<li>While holding the reset button plug the power back.
</li>
<li>While holding the reset button press enter in Firefox. It
should show a minimal Management Mode screen. With a place to browse for
your firmware file.
</li>
<li>While holding the reset button, point to your firmware file and press upgrade.
</li>
<li>Keep holding the reset for at least 3 more minutes or until the
router comes back and shows success and asks you to recycle power.
</li>
</ol>
Viola, after the contortion act, you should have a working router again.
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Unbricking_WRT54G2"></a><h5>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Unbricking WRT54G2">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"> Unbricking WRT54G2 </span></h5>
<ul>
<li> You need to make a jtag cable or buy one from eBay. Solder a simple <a class="external text" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=221369#221369" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=221369#221369">pin header</a> or use an alternative like <a class="external text" href="http://www.wireglue.us/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.wireglue.us">Wire Glue</a>, the cheapest of these type of glues. Just put it on let it dry, no soldering.
</li>
<li> Then use Tjtagv2 program to unbrick your router: <a class="external text" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=22655" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=22655">EJTAG De-Brick tool</a>
</li>
<li> Use Tjtagv2 to upload WRT54G2 "wholeflash" image from <a class="external text" href="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=246999#246999" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.dd-wrt.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=246999#246999">here</a>
</li>
</ul>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Reporting_a_bug_in_DD-WRT"></a><h5>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reporting a bug in DD-WRT">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"> Reporting a bug in DD-WRT</span></h5>
<ul>
<li>Check it is not already reported: <a class="external free" href="http://svn.dd-wrt.com/timeline" rel="nofollow" title="http://svn.dd-wrt.com/timeline">http://svn.dd-wrt.com/timeline</a>
</li>
<li>Report the bug: <a class="external free" href="http://svn.dd-wrt.com/register" rel="nofollow" title="http://svn.dd-wrt.com/register">http://svn.dd-wrt.com/register</a>
</li>
</ul>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Credits"></a><h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php?title=Linksys_WRT54G2_v1.0&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Credits">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"> Credits </span></h2>
Thanks to BrainSlayer for the generic and oslrd Micro builds, Eko for
the brilliant 13000 Micro Plus w/ SSH, Murrkf for the information rich
Peacock thread, dvs who first discovered how to put a NEWD compatible
router in maintenance mode, toolman667 for the tftp commands and
everyone who worked on this wiki article.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Process developed by <b>Eko</b>.<br />
</li>
<li>Tornado and redhawk0 for their help.<br />
</li>
<li>Thx to Ick & gfunk911 for donating routers.<br />
</li>
<li>Reverting through JTAG by redhawk<br />
</li>
<li>Alternate Flash instructions by Soul_Est and dvs<br />
</li>
<li>Unbrick instruction by Shawn360.<br />
</li>
<li>Wiki created by Doramius
</li>
</ul>
<div id="catlinks">
<div class="catlinks">
<a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="https://wiki.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Linksys" title="Category:Linksys">Linksys</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-72210413700264317222020-06-20T12:24:00.001-07:002020-06-20T13:11:01.242-07:00Internal and External Hemorrhoid Treatment<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
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<span data-darkreader-inline-color="" style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333; color: red;"><span data-darkreader-inline-color="" style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333;"><span data-darkreader-inline-color="" style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333;"><span style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333;"><b><span style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333;"><span style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333;">Internal and External Hemorrhoid Treatment Questions and Videos</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></div>
<hr />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span data-darkreader-inline-color="" style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333; color: red;"><b><span style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333;"><span style="font-size: large;">Internal Hemorrhoid Treatment</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span data-darkreader-inline-color="" style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333; color: red;"><b><span style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333;"><span style="font-size: large;">External Hemorrhoid Treatment</span></span></b></span></div>
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<h2>
<span data-darkreader-inline-color="" style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333; color: red;"><span style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333;">Can Hemorrhoid Banding Treat Pain?</span></span></h2>
<div class="blog-date">
This article was published on June 20, 2020, and was last updated on May 1st, 2019 in <a href="https://www.crhsystem.com/blog/can-hemorrhoid-banding-treat-pain/">Hemorrhoid Banding</a>.</div>
<div class="blog-date">
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Pain is a common symptom of external hemorrhoid(s), but
not all hemorrhoids are painful and others , (internal hemmorrhoids), can be horrid painful.<br />
<br />
To understand your preferred definition of your bottom-hole, -ie sphincter, asshole, star-fish, mangina, <span class="st">bungholio</span> and the difference between internal and external Hemorrhoids.<br />
<br />
<span data-darkreader-inline-color="" style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333; color: red;">It’s helpful, it is important, and healthy to know what hemorrhoids actually are:</span> Firstly, knowing your magical Hemorrhoids, (also known as piles), are cushions of tissue inflamed due to swollen veins in the
lower part of your rectum.<br />
<br />
Internal hemorrhoids are common, and since
they develop inside of you, where there aren’t any pain-sensing nerves,
they are typically present their pesky-selves as unnoticed until they present additional symptoms,
such as blood in the stool.<br />
<br />
External hemorrhoids form around your anus,
where there are more pain-sensing receptors. The <a href="https://www.crhsystem.com/about-hemorrhoids/hemorrhoid-symptoms/">symptoms of hemorrhoids</a> include itching, swelling, and blood on the toilet paper or in your stool after a bowel movement and /aka shitty Hemorrhoid blood.<br />
<br />
<span data-darkreader-inline-color="" style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333; color: red;">An estimated 75% of all Americans will have hemorrhoids at some point in their life.</span><br />
<h2>
<span data-darkreader-inline-color="" style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333; color: red;">I am in pain right now. Will hemorrhoid banding help or cause more discomfort?</span></h2>
U.S. North American Traditional hemorrhoid banding procedures, (with use of an ligator tool), that uses a metal clamp to draw
in the affected tissue into a tube, so the physician's hand-held banding ligator tool can place a rubber band around
the hemorrhoid.<br />
<br />
This is very similar when farmers and rancher place tight fitting rubberbands at the base of cow, swine, and other such animals balls/testicles until they turn blue and fall off.<br />
<br />
This is exciting isn't? Bet you are so anxious excited now to see the doctor so he can ram that ligator up your <span class="st">bungholio, right? </span><br />
<br />
<span class="st">Lets not forget if you are a male 98% of the time you get a throbbing penis erection. Grin! No Worries, everyone knows men are close gay, or openly gay, and the rest just pretend being heterosexual, Ahem... j/k / just-kidding, Ahem...</span><br />
<br />
Complaints using this procedure is the
metal device can pinch the affected area, causing bleeding, causing pain
during the treatment, and with a higher incidence of post-treatment pain.<br />
<br />
Endoscopic banding is when doctor can see your <span class="st">bungholio intestinal anal-hole through a micro-video-camera lens throughout proceedure is higher success rate, butt more painful. </span><br />
<br />
<span class="st">This </span>is the other procedure used treatment of hemorrhoids, but
it brings a typically higher incidence of significant post-procedure
pain as .<br />
<br />
For people wuth hemorrhoids, <a href="https://www.crhsystem.com/treatment-blog/probably-dont-need-hemorrhoid-surgery/">surgery is rarely necessary</a>.<br />
<h2>
<span data-darkreader-inline-color="" style="--darkreader-inline-color: #ff3333; color: red;">Are there other hemorrhoid treatments that are less painful than hemorrhoid banding?</span></h2>
While there are many <a href="https://www.crhsystem.com/compare-treatments/hemorrhoid-home-remedies/">home remedies</a>
for <span class="st">bungholio </span>hemorrhoids, they only provide temporary and at time perminant relief from some of the nasty shit being a problem.<br />
<br />
Rubber band ligation via Hemorrhoid Ligator Tool techniques effectively treat without causing more pain than other procedures. :) <br />
<br />
Unlike other hemorrhoid banding procedures, with the CRH O’Regan System,
many patients are able to return to work the same day, and less than 1%
experience any post-procedure complications, such as pain and bleeding.<br />
<br />
You can purchase a used Hemorrhoid Ligator Tool Set here on eBay for your family doctor friend for Christmas, or just because you are a weird person that does really funny shit: Ebay.com:<br />https://www.google.com/search?q=Hemorrhoid+Banding+Ligator&newwindow=1&client=ubuntu&bih=1760&biw=1080&hl=en&tbm=shop&tbs=p_ord:p&ei=_lnuXujbDdKvtAb-sJXwCw&ved=0ahUKEwjo0r2lh5HqAhXSF80KHX5YBb4Quw0ImQsoAQ<br />
<h3>
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Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-67683884829682832732020-05-15T11:12:00.001-07:002020-05-15T11:12:12.524-07:00Samsung Galaxy Note 5 N920V 32GB<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">PART REPLACEMENT LINK: </span><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" href="https://www.youtube.com/redirect?q=http%3A%2F%2Famzn.to%2F2FG276s&redir_token=4n8fN8Zuvj5k940mXksuS_OqGpl8MTU4NzU4ODY1MUAxNTg3NTAyMjUx&event=video_description&v=hpxfllUP368" rel="nofollow" spellcheck="false" target="_blank">http://amzn.to/2FG276s</a><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">
GET THE REPAIR HERE-------</span><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" href="https://www.youtube.com/redirect?q=http%3A%2F%2Firepairfast.com%2Fproduct%2Fsamsung-galaxy-note-5-screen-replacement%2F&redir_token=4n8fN8Zuvj5k940mXksuS_OqGpl8MTU4NzU4ODY1MUAxNTg3NTAyMjUx&event=video_description&v=hpxfllUP368" rel="nofollow" spellcheck="false" target="_blank">http://irepairfast.com/product/samsun...</a><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">
As part of our nothing left out video series, we are going to be replacing the digitizer (touch sensor) and LCD on the Galaxy Note 5. You have to be careful around the multitask and home buttons near the bottom of the glass but other than that, it is a pretty straight forward repair.</span></div>
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Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-79003056361977296692020-03-16T17:09:00.003-07:002020-11-22T00:39:30.617-08:00H2O2-Nebulizer-Research<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>H2O2-Nebulizer-Research</b></span></div>
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<b>MEDICAL DISCLAIMER:</b><br />
All material on this page is published for discussion purposes only. It
should not be relied upon, in whole or in part, as the basis for any
medical decision. Consult a physician regarding the applicability of any
opinions or recommendations with respect to your symptoms or medical
condition.<br />
Note: We do <b>not </b>suggest the use of peroxide higher
than 3% solution for this inhaling method. H202 is dangerous at dosages
higher than 3% if not properly diluted.<br /><br /><hr />
PRO:<br /><br />
<a href="https://archive.earthclinic.com/remedies/hydrogen_peroxide_inhalation.html" target="_blank">Source/WebSite:</a> <br />
Bill Munro (March 19,1924) from Waterford, Michigan writes, "I have
been inhaling 3% peroxide for over 13 years. And had a bout with
Melanoma and Prostate cancer at the same time. At no time would I let
anything like a salve be on my open Melanoma because that would take
away the oxygen needed to heal from the outside. The peroxide I inhale
would supply the oxygen on the inside. I increased the times that I
inhale the peroxide into my mouth to 7 or 8 times a day. I used a nasal
spray pump. With each inhale I would pump the pump about 10 times. This
went on for four months. I now pump 5 times with each inhale and 7
inhales every day. My PSA blood tests say I am clean now."
<br />
Bill believes that you need to <b>give the peroxide at his
dosage (5 pumps, 6 times a day) 2-4 weeks to see results for viruses
that have been in the bloodstream for some time (ie., lingering
viruses). </b>Cancer takes about a month, but you would need to
continue the therapy for 3-4 months. Apparently any and all viruses
cannot survive in an oxygen enriched environment. If you try Bill's
technique for cancer, general health, sore muscles, etc., please make
sure to see our side effects section for reviews from readers who
experienced side effects.<br />
<br />
<b>1.</b> Empty out the contents of a saline nasal pump and
sterilize the bottle with hot soapy water. Make sure you then rinse out
all the soap.<br />
<br />
<b>2.</b> Fill the empty, sterilized nasal pump with 3% peroxide.<br />
<br />
3<b>.</b> Point bottle at the <b>back of your throat</b> and, on a sharp inhale, pump the spray 6 times. <br /><br />DO NOT INHALE IT UP THE NOSE!! (People misread Bill's instructions from time to time and spray it up the nostrils!!)<br />
<br />
<b>4.</b> Do this 4-6 times a day. If you are trying to get rid of a virus, pump every 2 hours or so.<br />
It should take about 36 - 48 hours to get rid of a virus. If it's an
insipid virus that's been in your blood for some time, it may take up to
2 weeks. For other conditions like cancer, please read the feedback in
our table of contents section on this page and on our cancer remedy
pages for more information.<br />
<br />
<b>Note</b>: Before you start this technique, see how
little of the peroxide you are actually inhaling by pumping into a
teaspoon. It's a tiny amount.<br />
<br />
Bill Munro was kind enough to let us copy his amazing testimonial on hydrogen peroxide from his website.<br />
<br />
"Hydrogen Peroxide is the most over looked chemical used by man. New
uses of it are coming to light every day. Bad bugs be they, in your
garden or your body, they cannot live in an oxygen rich environment.<br />
<br />
At 69 years old my muscles were so tight that to get out of bed I
would lay on my stomach and back out on to the floor, push down on the
bed and stand up.<br />
<br />
I knew there was something to correct this bad
situation. One morning while having coffee with a friend, I noticed he
had brought a small stack of books with him. Being curious, I asked if I
could look at the books. The one that stood out to me was "O2xygen
Therapies". As I was scanning it, it became more interesting to me.<br />
<br />
I
asked him if I could take it home. It was a week before returning the
book. Being convinced Hydrogen Peroxide was what I was looking for, it
was now going to into my system? The book gave three choices. Put 8 to
10 drops in an 8 oz cup and drink it, four times a day. Next was, put a
pint of 35% in the bathtub and soak for 1 hour once a week. Or go to a
doctor for intravenous infusion once a week. None of these had any
appeal to me.<br />
<br />
After a week or two I decided that the easiest, and most efficient
way was to inhale the 3% peroxide into my mouth and on into my lungs. I
just happened to have a "Nasal Spray Pump" (see sample picture below). I
dumped the contents out, put in the 3% peroxide as it comes from the
drugstore. Now, how many times do I pump? I settled for one pump per
inhale, and 4 times a day. That went on for about a month.<br />
<br />
As I was
laying down for a short rest, I noticed that I was breathing freely. No
forced inhale or exhale. That was the first thing that I noticed while
inhaling the peroxide. I then changed the time when to inhale the
peroxide. Now I inhale 2 times in the morning and at night. While deep
inhaling I pump the pump as many times as I can, usually 8 to 10 pumps
each inhale. Another thing I noticed was, I sleep all night with my
mouth closed. I used to have heart aches that were very uncomfortable,
no more.<br />
<br />
My wife and I have been inhaling peroxide for 9 years now and no
colds, sore muscles, aches or pains. I take no medication or vitamins. I
am less than two years to 80 years old. My lungs don't give out when I
work in my garden or other things around the house. My house is 160
years old, so the work never stops. Peroxide keeps our oxygen blood
count in the <b>high 90%'s</b>.<br />
<br />
One of the first people that used the peroxide as I do was very
interesting. He had a low self-esteem. I found out that he was on kidney
dialysis. I discussed the peroxide several times with him. Finally one
day I went to his house with a nasal spray pump. He opened it and poured
out the contents and filled it back up with 3% peroxide.<br />
<br />
He sprayed it
in to his mouth and into his lungs. I said you know how to do it, and I
left. Three days later I called him to see if anything had happened. He
said that he could breath easier. Four days later he called me, he was
so excited all he could say was "It's working, It's working".<br />
<br />
I asked
"What did it do?". He said he was waking up about an hour and a half
before normal and that he was coughing up all the bad stuff that was in
his lungs. He went back to bed and when he woke up, he said he had not
felt that good in years. From that time on his spirit was always good
and his voice was up beat.<br />
<br />
A couple of people told me after four or five years of using the
peroxide they stopped. I ask why and both said they did not get sick,
and they don't think it was working. You can make that judgment. One
friend of ours goes to the doctor for pacemaker check ups and the doctor
tells him the peroxide will not help him but it will not do him any
harm. He is using his second pacemaker. He has told me several times; if
it were not for his inhaling the peroxide he would not be here today.<br />
Bill Munro<br />
<br />
<hr />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">H2O2-Nebulizer-Research: Hydrogen peroxide is a clear liquid with strong oxidizing properties and is a
powerful bleaching agent that has found use as a disinfectant, as an oxidizer,
and in rocketry and in bipropellant systems. It is helpful in reducing the risk
of gingivitis, <a href="http://www.raysahelian.com/gumdisease.html">gum disease</a>, and to help whiten teeth. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><b>Drinking
hydrogen peroxide </b><br />
Q. I read your articles and I follow your tips. That are helpful. For the past 2
years I have been administering myself with just a small dose of hydrogen
peroxide. Is it really a miracle? <br />
A. I have looked on Medline for studies on the benefit of this
substance when ingested orally and I can't seem to find any that have tested it
in humans and it affects the health of the body. There is a risk to ingestion.
It does seem to be helpful in gum and
<a href="http://www.raysahelian.com/toothdecay.html">tooth</a> health. </span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">H2O2-Nebulizer-Research: J Appl Oral Sci.
2015. Effects on gastric mucosa induced by dental bleaching--an experimental
study with 6% hydrogen peroxide in rats. There are several techniques for tooth
whitening, the most used one being the external bleaching. The present study
analysed the systemic effect of these products when they are swallowed. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">This
experimental study aimed to observe the effects of a tooth whitening product,
whose active agent is 6% hydrogen peroxide, on the gastric mucosa of healthy and
non-tumour gastric pathology animals. Fifty rats were used and then distributed
into 5 groups, one for control and four test groups in which the bleaching
product was administered in animals with and without non-tumour gastric
pathology (induced by the administration of 1 sample of 50% ethanol and 5% of
drinking water during 6 days) at different times of study by gavage. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">There was a
decrease in body weight in animals of groups handled during the study period,
which was most pronounced in IV and VA groups. Changes in spleen weight relative
to body weight revealed no statistically significant changes. The gastric mucosa
revealed lesions in all manipulated groups, being more frequent in groups III
and IV. It appears that there is a synergism when using hydrogen peroxide and
50% ethanol in the same group. There are some signs of toxicity 3 to 4 days
after administration of 6% hydrogen peroxide. The prescription of these
therapies must be controlled by the clinician and the risks must be minimized.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><b>Danger <br />
</b>H2O2-Nebulizer-Research: Drinking or
injecting high-strength hydrogen peroxide products sold online to treat serious
diseases such as AIDS can be harmful. The "35 percent food grade
hydrogen peroxide" products are highly corrosive and ingesting them could cause
stomach irritation and ulcers, gastrointestinal erosion, and perforation. Injecting the products intravenously could lead
to blood vessel inflammation, bubbles in blood vessels and potentially
life-threatening allergic reactions.
The FDA has not approved 35 percent hydrogen peroxide for any use. The
agency sent warnings to two Texas-based firms, DFWX and Frad 35 Inc., in which
the agency said the firms were illegally selling 35 percent hydrogen peroxide
products to treat AIDS, cancer, emphysema and other serious diseases. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><b>Review article
</b><br />Methods Enzymol. 2013. The biological chemistry of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen
peroxide is generated in numerous biological processes and is implicated as the
main transmitter of redox signals. Although a strong oxidant, high activation
energy barriers make it unreactive with most biological molecules. It reacts
directly with thiols, but for low-molecular-weight thiols and cysteine residues
in most proteins, the reaction is slow. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">The most favored reactions of hydrogen
peroxide are with transition metal centers, selenoproteins, and selected thiol
proteins. </span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "arial";">H2O2-Nebulizer-Research: </span>These include proteins such as catalase, glutathione peroxidases, and
peroxiredoxins, which, as well as providing antioxidant defense, are
increasingly being considered as targets for signal transmission. This overview
describes the main biological reactions of hydrogen peroxide and takes a kinetic
approach to identifying likely targets in the cell. It also considers diffusion
of hydrogen peroxide and constraints to its acting at localized sites.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><b>Testimonial on
danger and side effects received by email in 2017 </b></span><span style="font-family: "arial";">I noticed other comments on your website about taking H2O2, 35% food grade,
diluted in distilled water. The One-Minute Cure makes it seem like its no big
deal. I took a couple drops for 6 weeks trying to get rid of candida, chronic
fatigue. I basically was fed-up with leaky gut. I felt good high energy while on
H2O2, but when I quit in about 3 weeks my immune system crashed. I have now been
sick for 7 weeks with a cold/eye infection and ear infection (worst in my life).
</span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "arial";">H2O2-Nebulizer-Research: </span>I have had bleeding in my ear with a fullness in my ear. Been on 3 different
antibiotics, natural meds also, nothing hits it. My inflammatory response in my
intestines went sky-high (pain, pain pain), with the need for lots of turmeric,
serrapeptase, quercetin. Pulling out of this has been a long process. My sister
also took this with me and she wound up in the hospital with a huge loss of
blood from her intestines. She was trying to stop cancer, as she was recently
diagnosed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";">
<b>Medical Uses<br />
Acne infection<br />
</b>J Cosmet Sci. 2013. Enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide reduces the
number of acne lesions in acne vulgaris. A major component to the etiology of
acne is the growth and invasion by Propionibacterium acnes. Hydrogen peroxide is
an excellent antimicrobial agent but is unstable in most formulations. We have
developed a hydrogen peroxide generation system using the enzyme glucose oxidase
and glucose. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">This system is stable in a simple formulation and nonirritating. In
a short-term clinical study (4 days), this formulation was effective in reducing
the individual lesion size and total number of inflammatory acne lesions. There
was a 68% reduction in acne-induced inflammation and 61% reduction in acne size
within 4 days of treatment. A long-term clinical study (6 weeks in use)
displayed 56% reduction in total number of inflamed lesions and a 45% reduction
in noninflamed lesions after 6 weeks. This suggests that topical enzymatically
generated hydrogen peroxide may help alleviate acne.<br />
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";">
<b>MSRA disinfection </b><br />
Hydrogen peroxide vapor, in combination with decolonization of staff and
patient carriers, successfully controlled an outbreak of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus <a href="http://www.raysahelian.com/mrsa.html">MRSA</a> on
a surgical ward that had previously been MRSA-free. <br />
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><b>Prostate cancer
testimonial </b><br />
I have been taking 35% Hydrogen Peroxide Food Grade for prostate cancer for 2
years with no affect to my stomach. My Doctor said that I would need an
operation which would require me to have a urinary bag. I refused the operation
and have since been taking the Hydrogen Peroxide. I started by taking 3 drops
three times a day with 2% milk. I increased this to 12 drops once per day. So
far with no effect on my health. I am 79 years old and still work 5 days per
week.<br />
A. I do not know enough about the influence of hydrogen peroxide on
health or prostate cancer but I will keep my eyes open for such research. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><b>Tooth and gum
health, prevention of periodontitis </b></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "arial";">H2O2-Nebulizer-Research: </span>
Am J Dent. 2014. A 6-month clinical investigation of custom tray application of
peroxide gel with or without doxycycline as adjuncts to scaling and root planing
for treatment of periodontitis. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">To evaluate the 6-month clinical effects of one
scaling and root planing (SRP) procedure alone or combined with local
administration of hydrogen peroxide gel (with or without inclusion of
doxycycline for 2 weeks) using periodontal medicament carriers in the form of
customized prescription trays for treatment of subjects with chronic
periodontitis. 61 subjects with moderate to advanced periodontitis were assigned
to three parallel treatment groups: </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">1) SRP combined with prescription-tray (Perio
Tray) application of 1.7% hydrogen peroxide gel (Perio Gel) and, for the first 2
weeks, doxycycline, 2) SRP combined with prescription-tray application of
peroxide gel, and 3) SRP alone. All subjects brushed twice daily with standard
dentifrice and toothbrush for a 4-week acclimation phase, and continued this
regimen throughout the 6-month treatment phase. Pocket probing depth (PPD) and
bleeding index (BI) were assessed on natural and restored sites at baseline and
after 2, 5, 13, and 26 weeks. SRP was performed 3 weeks after baseline. Analysis
of pockets > 5 mm at baseline showed that mean PPD for both test groups
significantly decreased from baseline approximately 0.50 mm prior to SRP. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">Refuat Hapeh
Vehashinayim. 2015. Teeth whitening with 6% hydrogen peroxide vs. 35% hydrogen
peroxide, a comparative controlled study. In light of the lately changes in
regulations regarding teeth whitening in Europe, the use of 6% hydrogen peroxide
using a dedicated device becomes the first choice treatment option. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">The purpose
of this controlled, randomized, parallel, blinded six months prospective study
was to compare this method of teeth whitening treatment with that of in-office
method using 35% hydrogen peroxide. 75 healthy american individuals, ages 18-62,
participated in this study. The participants were divided into 3 groups: a 6%
hydrogenperoxide group, a 35% hydrogen peroxide group and a placebo control
group. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">Side effects such as oral mucosa irritation, burns or sensitive teeth
were mild and resolved without intervention. A high satisfaction level was
recorded. Tooth color shade can be substantially improved using a dedicated
device with 6% hydrogen peroxide only. This whitening method can be helpful for
the dentist in: home continuing treatment post in- office whitening specially in
case with severe staining, maintenance of in-office whitening treatment outcomes
or as an OTC home whitening procedure for patients with limited budget.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<b>
<span style="font-family: "arial";">Catalase and hydrogen peroxide </span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "arial";">H2O2-Nebulizer-Research: </span>Catalase is an
antioxidant enzyme found in living organisms that changes hydrogen peroxide to
water and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is formed as a toxic waste product of
metabolism. It must be quickly converted into other, less dangerous, chemicals.
To manage this problem, the enzyme catalase is frequently used to rapidly
catalyse the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into harmless oxygen and water.
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial";">Questions and comments
from readers, testimonials, claims </span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">Q. I got an
email from a friend regarding hydrogen peroxide, and I wanted your opinion. This
is what is claimed: These are just
some of the benefits of that plain little ol' bottle of 3% peroxide you can get
for under $1 at any drug store. Hydrogen peroxide is described as an
effective anti-viral, antibacterial, and anti-fungal. Throughout the world
hydrogen peroxide is used instead of chlorine as a safer and eco-friendly
municipal water purifier. Some use H2O2 in pools and spas.<br />
<br />
1. Take one capful (the little white cap that comes with the bottle) and hold in
your mouth for 10 minutes daily, then spit it out. (I do it when I bathe or
shower.) No more canker sores and your teeth will be whiter without expensive
pastes. Use it instead of mouthwash.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">2. Let your toothbrushes soak in a cup of hydrogen peroxide to keep them free of
germs.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">3. Clean your counters, table tops with hydrogen peroxide to kill germs and
leave a fresh smell. Simply put a little on your dishrag when you wipe, or spray
it on the counters.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">4. After rinsing off your wooden cutting board, pour hydrogen peroxide on it to
kill salmonella and other bacteria.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">5. I had fungus on my feet for years - until I sprayed a 50/50 mixture of
hydrogen peroxide and water on them (especially the toes) every night and let
dry.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">6. Fill a spray bottle with a 50/50 mixture of hydrogen peroxide and water and
keep it in every bathroom to disinfect without harming your septic system like
bleach or most other disinfectants will.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">7. Put half a bottle of hydrogen peroxide in your bath to help rid boils,
fungus, or other skin infections.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">8. You can also add a cup of hydrogen peroxide instead of bleach to a load of
whites in your laundry to whiten them. If there is blood on clothing, pour
directly on the soiled spot. Let it sit for a minute, then rub it and rinse with
cold water. Repeat if necessary.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">9. I use hydrogen peroxide to clean my mirrors with, there is no smearing, which
is why I love it so much for this.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">10. Disinfect your dishwasher or refrigerator.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">11. Use it on trees and plants as a natural fungicide, insecticide, and as a
weed killer.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">12. Clean with hydrogen peroxide when your house becomes a biohazard after its
invaded by toxic mold, such as those with water damage.<br />
<br />
A. Well, I will give hydrogen peroxide a try to see if
the claims are true.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">I am finding
that by dipping my toothbrush into a container of over the counter h2o2 and then
putting toothpaste on the toothbrush and then thoroughly brushing teeth, gums,
tongue and roof of mouth, I can introduce it into my body in a safe and
pleasant way. Every brushing makes me feel as if I have just had a teeth
cleaning. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">What are your
thoughts on using food grade hydrogen peroxide for getting oxygen in your
system.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><br />
A. I have not studied in detail the use of this product ingested orally or
internally but I would avoid using large amounts.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">This does not
lead to high profits, but as a favor to some poor dying cancer patient, you
could tell them about hydrogen peroxide therapy that could cure any virus,
cancer, aids, even rheumathoid arthritis. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">The cure is only
100 years old, If you have 35% food grade h2o2, it can be taken in water 5 drops
per glass of water, and Increased up to 25 drops, per 8 oz of water. If you can
not find pure food grade h2o2. you can take a bath in it, the oxygen will absorb
through the skin, you will get an oxygen high. it will nourish the body & kill
what does not belong to it. I have not seen any scientific evidence that these claims are
true.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">I have been
hearing a good bit on the benefits of 35% food grade hydrogen peroxide,
especially for COPD sufferers. Have you researched this? What are your thoughts
and or findings, if any? What about
<a href="http://www.raysahelian.com/ozonetherapy.html">ozone therapy</a>?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">I have not looked into the role of this product in terms of
its effect on lung function or COPD treatment but I doubt that it would be
effective for lung disease.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">I have been
doing alot of research on inhaling a very diluted hydrogen peroxide mist into
the lungs. People are saying that it is an instant COPD cleanse, coughing up
cigarette tar almost instantly, and killing bacteria and helping with emphesyma.
So far I havent found many results for experiments of this, other than personal
testimonies. However, I have discovered some very useful and interesting
information. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">It seems that lungs naturally produce H2O2 for self defense and for
signaling of immune responses. This is significantly increased by DUOX-1 in the
lungs, and by alveolar macrophages in response to cigarette smoke entering the
lung. Catalase is increased in these areas to deal with the free radical
concerns of the H2O2. Does this mean that lungs can tolerate H2O2 at a certain
strength? </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">Sub-injurious strengths of H2O2 can activate endothelial cells,
producing things like Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, whatever that is. Just
the fact the lung can tolerate a level of treatment by outside H2O2 supplements
is interesting. Here are titles of articles I came across: DUOX-1, what produces
hydrogen peroxide in the lungs, is significantly downregulated by cigarette
smoke; Endothelial H2O2 causes vasodilation and cardioprotection; Airway
Epithelial Lung Cellular Migration and Wound Repair caused by ATP-mediated
Activation of Dual Oxidase 1 (DUOX-1) with H2O2 collecting around the wounds;
Endotoxins in lungs stimulate H2O2 production. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">Please tell me what you think of
these articles. People say dont confuse FDA warnings because they talk about
using full strength hydrogen peroxide. But the first link clearly states that
membrane tissue can tolerate a low diluted level of H2O2 without injury. <br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">HP, as generated within cells, has a different effect than that
inhaled into the lungs. I don't think one can extrapolate these studies and
related them to HP being inhaled into the lungs. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">I came across a
book “The One Minute Cure” and it claims that you can help heal your body by
taking a few drops of Food Grade Hydrogen Peroxide each day. Have you or anyone
you know done any research on this?<br />
I have not seen such research.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">There is a book
titled The One Minute Cure which directs gradual ingestion of Food Grade
hydrogen peroxide to provide oxygen to the blood and inhibit the growth of
disease. Do you support this alternative therapy?<br />
I have not seen studies about this topic to have an informed opinion.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">A friend of mine
and I used 35% hydrogen peroxide for a week internally, we mixed several drops
of it using a dropper in distilled water and we had to discontinue it because it
gave us a burning sensation in our stomach and gave me a tight feeling in my
chest, back and neck and made my friend bleed internally and she also have blood
clots in her stomach.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">I have taken H2O2
internally for a very long time, and it absolutely has many beneficial affects.
A friend of mine is a nurse and
wanted to know if you could "OD" on it, so she kept increasing the amount she
was ingesting until she was up to 300 drops at a time. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">At that point, she was
detecting the presence of H2O2 in her urine, so surmised that her body was
passing off what it wasn't using. Her only "side effect" was having so much
energy that she stayed awake for 3 days and felt great.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "arial";">H2O2-Nebulizer-Research: </span>This is an
extremely important, powerful and healing medicine for detox, boosting the
immune system and for oxygenation of the body and oxidizing of harmful
compounds. I would like to believe this if it is true, but I have not come
across any such studies. If you have come across any published clinical trials
in humans, I would be glad to review them. </span> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">Please amend your
post to include a discussion of 3% Food Grade (i.e. no chemical additives or
preservatives) Hydrogen Peroxide. I live in Mexico and I study and practice
Ozone Therapy and other Oxygen Therapies including Hydrogen Peroxide. </span><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">I have taken 35
percent hydrogen perioxide for 2 months with water. However after I stopped
taking it my body began a series of reaction. Fluids from my stomach was moving
to my head. I have taken aloe vera to calm my stomach. My question is what can I
take to get rid of the peroxide in the body. I am not aware of any treatment except for time.<br /> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial";"></span></div>
<br /><hr />CON:<br /><br /><br /><img height="360" src="https://zjf683hopnivfq5d12xaooxr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/peroxart.jpg" width="640" /><br /><a href="https://undark.org/category/news-features/">NEWS & FEATURES</a><br /><a href="https://undark.org/2018/08/20/food-grade-hydrogen-peroxide-cancer/#">PRINT</a><br /><br />How Peddlers of ‘Food-Grade’ Hydrogen Peroxide Exploit the Sick<br /><br /><br />Preying on the sick and the desperate, peddlers of ‘food-grade hydrogen peroxide’ as a cure-all are flourishing. Why?<br /><br /><br />Visual: Tim Robinson for Undark<br />BY <a href="https://undark.org/undark-author/karen-savage/">KAREN SAVAGE</a><br />08.20.2018<br />82 COMMENTS<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />DARYL KHAN was desperate when he first considered using concentrated hydrogen peroxide — more than 10 times the strength typically found in drugstores — to treat his wife Susan’s uterine cancer. Susan was diagnosed in 2010, underwent surgery and radiation, and thought she had it beat. But in October 2015, a recurring pain in her abdomen twice landed her in the emergency room. A few weeks later, doctors gave her the news no one wants to hear: The cancer was not only back, but it was spreading.<br /><br />“They did the whole regimen thing that they do to everybody and it sucked, it really sucked,” said Khan, who says he has a deep mistrust of mainstream medicine. Susan was very sensitive to the medications she was given, he recalls. “She just kept getting worse and worse.”<br /><br />Khan says he soon began combing the internet for alternative treatments, and eventually found several sites selling what was called “35 percent food-grade hydrogen peroxide.” Sites with names like Pure Health Discounts, Guardian of Eden, Jutrian RX, and more <a href="http://www.purehealthdiscounts.net/reviews.htm">carried testimonials</a> and detailed <a href="http://dfwx.com/jutrianrx30.htm">informational pages</a> suggesting the use of the chemical to treat a dizzying array of ailments, from Lyme disease and skin problems to leukemia and even brain tumors. “There were<a href="http://www.dfwx.com/goepersonal.html"> </a><a href="http://www.dfwx.com/goepersonal.html">lots</a> and<a href="http://www.purehealthdiscounts.com/reviews.htm"> </a><a href="http://www.purehealthdiscounts.com/reviews.htm">lots</a> of testimonials for the fact that it worked on certain cancers,” Khan says.<br /><br />“I was groping and struggling and searching,” he added through tears.<br /><br />Khan was an easy target for internet marketers who promise health benefits from drinking just a few drops of hydrogen peroxide diluted in a glass of water. It’s a folk remedy that reaches back decades, and one that continues to flourish at the margins of alternative medicine, and in those corridors of the internet frequented by people who are desperate for a cure. Scientifically, there is no evidence supporting the practice as a remedy for anything — and ample evidence suggests that it can even be dangerous.<br /><br /><br />Love Undark? Sign up for our newsletter!<br /><br />Email*<br /><br />SUBMIT<br /><br />In 2011, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24268898">for example</a>, a 53-year-old woman ended up at Detroit Receiving Hospital after she drank 10 drops of high strength hydrogen peroxide as a “cleanse.” A year later, a 56-year-old man drank concentrated hydrogen peroxide hoping to treat his hives and ended up in the same emergency room. Both patients suffered from blockages in the bloodstream caused by hydrogen peroxide and would have died or likely been permanently disabled if not for the efforts of Dr. Brendan Byrne and a team of doctors who saved both patients with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, a treatment long used for scuba divers who surface too quickly.<br /><br />“The ingestion of hydrogen peroxide, even in relatively small volumes,” said Byrne, now an assistant professor of emergency medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School, “can cause devastating complications.”<br /><br />These aren’t the only cases where someone has been hospitalized or died. An analysis of cases reported to the National Poison Data System between 2001 and 2011 found nearly 300 cases of poisoning caused by the ingestion of high-concentration hydrogen peroxide, or about 30 cases per year. That number only includes cases identified by doctors and called into poison control centers. But Dr. Benjamin Hatten, a corresponding author of the study, said he suspects the actual number is higher. “I would say the real number is probably somewhere around 50 or so per year actually have problems from this,” said Hatten, who conducted the research while at Oregon Health and Science University and is now an assistant professor of emergency medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine.<br /><img src="https://zjf683hopnivfq5d12xaooxr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Advertisement2.jpg" /><br />One online advertisement claimed food grade hydrogen peroxide “actually eliminates diseases and invasive organisms.” The list of ailments it can purportedly be used to address includes cancer, diabetes, and Parkinson’s disease.<br /><br />Hatten said he’s aware of no well-done studies that suggest the ingestion of hydrogen peroxide is beneficial, and of the nearly 300 cases he has examined, 41 suffered life threatening embolisms — or bubbles in the bloodstream — as a result of ingesting the chemical compound. Twenty died or were left catastrophically disabled.<br /><br />Yet despite the risks and public warnings by federal regulators, alternative health companies continue to market the chemical, claiming elixir-like powers, capable of curing a multitude of diseases. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide can even be found in certain health food stores, often next to salads and other prepared foods. Sometimes bottles are sold with pamphlets stating that hydrogen peroxide should not be applied directly to the skin — but those same brochures also give suggested dosages for internal use.<br /><br />In theory, 35 percent hydrogen peroxide can be diluted in water to bring it to roughly the 3 percent concentration that’s typically sold in drugstores as a mild antiseptic for minor scrapes and cuts, or as an oral rinse. And according to the American Association of Poison Control Centers, accidental ingestion of small amounts of this low concentration is unlikely to cause more than some temporary discomfort.<br /><br />The problem is that ordinary consumers — nudged by dubious marketing into believing that ingestion holds curative potential — are able to purchase the much more concentrated versions of hydrogen peroxide by the gallon, and without any clear instructions for measurement or dilution. Solutions containing more than 10 percent hydrogen peroxide are not typically associated with home use — and for those above 12 percent, the Illinois Poison Center <a href="http://ipcblog.org/2011/02/08/frightening-facts-about-food-grade-hydrogen-peroxide/">advises</a> consumers on its website: “Don’t buy it! Don’t try it! Don’t bring it in your house! End of discussion.” The agency considers the product so dangerous that all calls for hydrogen peroxide ingestion above 12 percent are “immediately referred to the nearest emergency room for treatment.”<br /><br />(It’s not just health officials who are concerned. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide is considered a “<a href="https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/appendix-a-to-part-27-508.pdf">chemical of interest</a>” by the Department of Homeland Security, a high-priority precursor chemical that can be used to build improvised explosive devices. The would-be bomber arrested in a<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/nyregion/terrorism-plot-new-york-city.html"> </a><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/nyregion/terrorism-plot-new-york-city.html">thwarted</a> 2016 New York City terror plot was found to have ordered 40 pounds of the concentrated chemical. The U.S. Postal Service considers it a hazardous material and doesn’t<a href="https://stamps.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/179/~/usps-content-restrictions"> </a><a href="https://stamps.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/179/~/usps-content-restrictions">accept</a> shipments of hydrogen peroxide at concentrations higher than 20 percent. Officials in the U.K. have banned the sale of anything greater than 12 percent to individuals without a license.)<br /><img height="640" src="https://zjf683hopnivfq5d12xaooxr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/jug-1200x1600.jpg" width="480" /><br /><br /><br />Daryl Khan, desperate to cure his wife’s cancer, purchased this bottle of 35 percent food grade hydrogen peroxide from Pure Health Discounts.<br /><br />Visual: Courtesy of Daryl Khan<br /><br /><br />Despite the dangers, hydrogen peroxide at concentrations as high as 35 percent remains remarkably easy to buy in the United States. Consumers can walk into any number of health food stores and walk out with as much as they can carry. Online, several websites will ship it directly to your door, no questions asked.<br /><br />Earlier this year, the online retail giant Amazon implemented a <a href="https://sellercentral.amazon.com/forums/t/amazon-not-enforcing-its-product-restrictions-policy/399644">new policy</a> forbidding vendors who sell their products through its website from marketing hydrogen peroxide in concentrations higher than 12 percent. Still, one seller — Pure Health Discounts — continues to <a href="https://www.amazon.com/sp?_encoding=UTF8&asin=&isAmazonFulfilled=&isCBA=&marketplaceID=ATVPDKIKX0DER&orderID=&seller=AE3S7WH68KVP4&tab=&vasStoreID=">tout</a> on its Amazon profile that it sells “as much as 100 tons of 35 percent food-grade hydrogen peroxide per month.”<br /><br />Khan, like many seeking salvation from cancer and other afflictions, said he didn’t know about any of the warnings. His eldest daughter helped him order his 35 percent hydrogen peroxide online from Pure Health Discounts, and he says that at the time, he considered it a reputable company. “She got a gallon, a big thing. I don’t know if we really needed it, you just use drops, you know, you increase the drops every day,” said Khan, who gave it to Susan in her water. “She would take it and get a kind of acid-reflux initially, so you get like a throw-up reaction.”<br /><br />Khan said he never expected she’d feel better immediately, but hoped the regimen would help long-term. It didn’t, and Susan died less than a year after learning her cancer returned.<br /><br />Looking back, Khan said he doesn’t think the elixir contributed to Susan’s death, but the couple’s eldest son, also named Daryl, isn’t so sure. Now a college journalism professor living in New York, he says he was alarmed when he found out about the hydrogen peroxide. “She didn’t like the way it tasted and she was particularly sensitive already from the chemo — nothing tasted good,” said the younger Khan, who worried the hydrogen peroxide would interfere with chemotherapy, a concern he said was shared by his mother’s doctor.<br /><br />“It was in a big jug-handled transparent bottle, the kind of thing you’d imagine bouncing around in your trunk the way antifreeze or windshield washer fluid would,” said the younger Khan, who was furious to learn that the individual who sold the chemical to his family has been on the FDA’s radar for more than a decade.<br /><br />“It’s hard to fathom the level of grubby exploitation you’ve reduced yourself to, to turn a buck off of people who are watching their loved ones die in slow-motion over the course of a year or whatever it may be,” he said. Of dumping out the hydrogen peroxide he found that his father kept in the refrigerator, Khan said, “I won’t say it wasn’t without some glee to do it — to dump out poison that these total snake oil salesmen are selling.”<br /><img height="537" src="https://zjf683hopnivfq5d12xaooxr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/fam1.jpg" width="640" /><br />The Khan family long before Susan, right, developed uterine cancer in 2010. Desperate to help her, Daryl Khan, center, found websites peddling the curative power of food-grade hydrogen peroxide. Visual: Courtesy of Daryl Khan<br /><img height="537" src="https://zjf683hopnivfq5d12xaooxr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/fam2.jpg" width="640" /><br />Here, Khan looks through old photos of Susan. He had hoped the regimen would help, but it didn’t, and Susan died less than a year after learning her cancer returned. Visual: Karen Savage for Undark<br /><br />DISCOVERED BY Louis-Jacques Thenard in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Jacques-Thenard">1818</a>, hydrogen peroxide has two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms — a composition similar to that of water, but with an extra atom of oxygen. Mainly produced in large-scale facilities, it’s sold in solutions of varying strengths or concentrations and labeled by percentage. The percentage refers to the amount of hydrogen peroxide in the solution — the rest is water. Stabilizers are often added to minimize decomposition and increase shelf-life.<br /><br />At lower concentrations — typically between 3 and 10 percent — hydrogen peroxide has long been used to disinfect scrapes and cuts (though many health care professionals now <a href="https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/04/best-treatment-for-cuts-is-not-hydrogen-peroxide/index.htm">recommend against it</a>) and can be used as a cleaning solution. It can be used cosmetically to lighten hair and whiten teeth. Higher concentrations can be used in wastewater treatment and as an alternative to chlorine in pools. Extremely high concentrations can be used as rocket fuel.<br /><br />An<a href="http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1015.pdf"> </a><a href="http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1015.pdf">oxidizer</a>, hydrogen peroxide alone is not combustible, but it can promote the combustion of other materials. Particularly when heated, it can provide fuel to fires by rapidly releasing oxygen.<br /><br />Those who promote hydrogen peroxide as an alternative health remedy usually refer to it as “35 percent food-grade hydrogen peroxide,” but this labeling can be misleading. According to the FDA, there is no official definition for the term “food-grade.” While the nonprofit U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, in collaboration with the agency and other groups, publishes specifications for hydrogen peroxide used in food packaging and processing, the chemical is not intended for ingestion. But it’s the release of oxygen that those who advocate the ingestion of hydrogen peroxide mistakenly believe is beneficial. The theory — which has<a href="https://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/oxygen.html"> </a><a href="https://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/oxygen.html">not been proven</a> — is that degenerative diseases are caused by a lack of oxygen in the tissues that allows toxins and harmful bacteria and viruses to accumulate.<br /><br />Proponents say introducing hydrogen peroxide into the body will increase oxygen levels and ward off ailments — essentially a low-budget form of oxygen therapy.<br /><br />Dismissed by most mainstream health care professionals, the use of the chemical internally for medicinal purposes was reportedly first considered in the early 1900s, when hydrogen peroxide was said to have <a href="https://www.wddty.com/magazine/2005/march/alternative-treatments-for-pneumonia.html">cured</a> pneumonia in post-World War I India. In the 1940s, <a href="http://educate-yourself.org/cancer/benefitsofhydrogenperozide17jul03.shtml">proponents say,</a> Father Richard Willhelm, who referred to hydrogen peroxide as “God’s own immune system,” furthered interest in the chemical, when he<a href="http://www.foodgrade-hydrogenperoxide.com/id71.html"> </a>promoted the use of hydrogen peroxide as a<a href="http://webhosting.web.com/imagelib/sitebuilder/misc/show_image.html?linkedwidth=actual&linkpath=http://www.foodgrade-hydrogenperoxide.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Article.jpg&target=tlx_picuvbh&title=Click%20on%20the%20article%20for%25"> </a><a href="http://webhosting.web.com/imagelib/sitebuilder/misc/show_image.html?linkedwidth=actual&linkpath=http://www.foodgrade-hydrogenperoxide.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Article.jpg&target=tlx_picuvbh&title=Click%20on%20the%20article%20for%25">deterrent</a> to skin diseases, polio, and mental illness.<br /><br />Proponents also often point to<a href="https://thetruthaboutcancer.com/otto-warburg-cancer/"> </a><a href="https://thetruthaboutcancer.com/otto-warburg-cancer/">the work</a> of<a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/warburg-bio.html"> </a><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/warburg-bio.html">Dr. Otto Warburg</a>, a Nobel Prize-winning scientist who they allege found an association between cancer cells and low oxygen levels. Cancer researchers counter that Warburg found no such association and that the ingestion of hydrogen peroxide is not likely to increase oxygen on a cellular level.<br /><br />Doctors who treat those who’ve ingested the chemical say the rapid release of oxygen can be deadly. “Hydrogen peroxide at any concentration, if drank, reacts with a natural enzyme in the body — catalase — and produces very high volumes of oxygen,” said Byrne. “That oxygen has to go somewhere and the volume is so high that you physically can’t just burp it out. It crosses the membrane of the GI tract into the blood vessels and those resultant bubbles block up the blood vessels, leading to heart attacks, strokes, and other complications.”<br /><br />Like Hatten, Byrne said he suspects many cases of hydrogen peroxide poisoning are never identified. “The cases I wrote about are not as isolated as they would seem — the question is, do people recognize them,” said Byrne. “Those complications are a very rare set of complications that can be easily mistaken for something else, and people cannot get treatment for them because doctors think it’s something else.”<br /><img height="466" src="https://zjf683hopnivfq5d12xaooxr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/PAPERS2.jpg" width="640" /><br />The idea that ingesting diluted hydrogen peroxide has curative powers reaches back decades. In the 1980s, the FDA warned against its use to cure AIDS.<br /><br /><br />Not everyone who ingests high strength hydrogen peroxide does so intentionally. A <a href="http://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(11)01026-3/pdf">74-year-old man</a> in Tennessee drank what he thought was water from a pitcher in his daughter’s refrigerator. He was hospitalized and put on an intravenous proton pump inhibitor, a medication typically used for people with severe stomach ulcers and stomach acid. Tests showed he suffered damage along his esophagus and stomach.<br /><br />In another case, a four-year-old accidentally drank concentrated hydrogen peroxide that his father used as an alternative cure for digestive problems. Within minutes, the boy cried out with excruciating abdominal pain and soon lost consciousness. Several years later, he was still <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9609191">plagued</a> with seizures, unable to eat or walk on his own. A two-year old girl in Italy fared even worse. While visiting a dairy farm with her parents, she became thirsty and took a drink out of a transparent container that resembled a water bottle. It contained hydrogen peroxide for milk preservation and she soon grew confused and her breathing grew labored. She later <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261294018_Fatal_accidental_ingestion_of_35_hydrogen_peroxide_by_a_2-year-old_female_Case_report_and_literature_review">died</a> from breathing issues due to the hydrogen peroxide ingestion, which caused “severe chemical aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary emphysema, esophagitis, and gastritis.”<br /><br />Despite such stories, advocates for ingesting hydrogen peroxide abound. Ed McCabe, a lecturer and author of the book “<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Flood-Your-Body-Oxygen-McCabe/dp/0962052728">Flood Your Body With Oxygen</a>,” said that for intentional users, it’s all about the protocol. McCabe, who says he has used hydrogen peroxide himself and is often referred to as “Mr. Oxygen,” said that when used correctly, the chemical will only oxidize or attack unhealthy cells and pollution in the body. But he noted that the 35 percent solution must be properly diluted and blames most ill-effects on improper usage.<br /><br />“It’s the lack of education about these things because they won’t teach it in medical school, that’s the problem,” McCabe said. “If anybody ever dies or whatever, I can just assure you that the human body loves oxygen in the right way in the right amount of time, and if anything other than that happens, somebody’s doing something wrong.”<br /><br />But Byrne warns that even one sip of the high concentration solution can cause severe health consequences.<br /><br />“If any of my friends decided to tell me they were doing this, I’d tell them that it’s my belief that the risks far outweigh the benefit,” he said.<br /><br />THE HEALTH NUTS, a chain of New York City-area health food stores, carries “35 percent food-grade hydrogen peroxide” called Oxy-tech. The bottle says you can “stimulate and invigorate your body inside and out with Oxy-tech” and includes the chemical’s United Nations dangerous goods number — <a href="http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev15/English/03E_Part3.pdf">UN2014</a> — along with a warning not to swallow it. No other information is provided.<br /><br />At one location, concentrated hydrogen peroxide is displayed in a refrigerated case, along with prepared salads and pickles. Sudhangshu Roy, a manager at the Upper East Side location, said customers buy “quite a lot,” but declined to speculate what they use it for. “We are only the retailer — we recommend customers consult their doctors or health professionals before using any health products,” said Roy, who said he’s worked at The Health Nuts for more than 20 years.<br /><br />At another location, Oxy-tech is stored in a secured refrigerator, and employees must retrieve the product when requested by customers. Along with the hydrogen peroxide, purchasers are given a thin blue pamphlet that includes a dosing chart listing how many drops to dilute in water when using internally. “You can wash your clothes with this product, you can soak your toothbrush in a small amount to kill bacteria, you can clean surfaces, and you can also drink it,” said Ellington Campbell, who’s worked at The Health Nuts’ Upper West Side location for nearly 30 years. Campbell said customers use the product for “detoxing the system,” for “a healthy immune system,” and to “help with friendly bacteria.”<br /><img height="325" src="https://zjf683hopnivfq5d12xaooxr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/salads.jpg" width="640" /><br />At some health food stores, 35 percent hydrogen peroxide solutions are sold on shelves next to salads and juices. Visual: Karen Savage for Undark<br /><br /><br />He added a warning: “If you drink it like this you will melt all your organs,” Campbell said, pointing to the brochure, “so you follow these directions, the dosage, you read that.”<br /><br />The company behind Oxy-tech, ME2Eagle Enterprises, LLC, is <a href="http://www.h2o2oxytech.com/">based</a> in Whitney, Texas. During a phone interview, Chris Wood said her mother and step-father set up the business and started selling Oxy-tech about 20 years ago. “They were always in the chemical business,” said Wood, who added in a call last week that the fate of the company is uncertain following her mother’s passing earlier this month. She said that after governmental agencies enacted stiffer regulations on the chemical industry, her family struggled financially.<br /><br />It was during that time that her mother learned about hydrogen peroxide and realized there was money to be made. “Mom said it was an answer to a prayer because [financially] they were pretty much on their last leg and she started doing research on this and found out more about it,” said Wood, who couldn’t say exactly how much they sell per year, but confirmed the company <a href="http://www.h2o2oxytech.com/Retailers/States.html">distributes</a> the chemical to retailers around the country, <a href="http://www.h2o2oxytech.com/Retailers/New%20York.html">including</a> The Health Nuts stores in New York.<br /><br />Wood said customers use the product for many things, including washing laundry, in marinades, and for hydroponic gardening. When diluted, she added, it can be <a href="http://www.h2o2oxytech.com/Additional%20Uses.html">used</a> in enemas, douches, and baths. Poultry that has ingested the product, Wood asserted, can be considered “organic.”<br /><br />Wood says she believes many doctors are opposed to hydrogen peroxide because they are “sleeping with the pharmaceutical companies.”<br /><br />“Well, if, let’s see, if everybody was on peroxide and being healthy and didn’t go to the doctor, well then what?” said Wood.<br /><br />She described most of ME2Eagle Enterprise’s hydrogen peroxide customers as elderly, and she talked at length about those who she says have used the product for cancer, sores, West Nile virus, and parasites. For each malady, Wood — who according to state records is not licensed to practice medicine or dispense medication — described seemingly miraculous results. When asked if she knew the FDA’s position on hydrogen peroxide, Wood responded: “That I don’t know.”<br /><br />She said ME2Eagle Enterprises has two employees and has never dealt with the FDA.<br /><br />“It’s still a mom and pop business,” she said. “We don’t want to get too damn big because then they will start coming down on you.”<br /><br />THE FDA became concerned about hydrogen peroxide in the 1980s, when companies marketed high-strength versions not only to people with cancer and other ailments, but also to those with AIDS. Charged with regulating the accuracy of medical claims, the FDA found the chemical to be anything but miraculous. In 1989, after reports of several injuries and at least one death, the FDA advised the public not to use the chemical internally and warned that it can cause serious harm or death. In 2006, another warning was issued, reiterating that the product “can cause serious harm or death when ingested.”<br /><br />“No one has presented any evidence that hydrogen peroxide taken internally has any medical value,” said Dr. Steven Galson, then-director of the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, in that warning. “In fact, consuming hydrogen peroxide in the manner touted by these websites could lead to tragic results.”<br /><br />Since 2006, when Galson and the FDA warned about the ingestion of the chemical, incidents of hydrogen peroxide poisoning have become <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=0&q=%22air+gas+embolism%22+hydrogen+peroxide+ingestion&hl=en&as_sdt=1,33&as_vis=1">increasingly</a> well-documented in the scientific literature.<br /><br />“When these things go bad, they go bad very suddenly,” said Dr. Eric Lavonas, a toxicologist with the Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center who has treated patients who have ingested hydrogen peroxide.<br /><br />“I don’t recommend or see the value of taking it at all,” said Lavonas, adding he’s not aware of the chemical having a proven role in the treatment of any disease.<br /><br />Lavonas said most people who use high strength hydrogen peroxide dilute it down so it’s not high strength by the time they ingest it — and many proponents of the practice argue that failure to do so is the customer’s fault. But there is little standardized information attending the murky hydrogen peroxide health market, and recipes for dilution, ratcheting up intake, and other “instructional” advice is often ad hoc, contradictory, and cobbled together on marginal websites or in low-budget books. Asked during a phone call why her mother’s company sold 35 percent hydrogen peroxide, rather than the typical household concentration of 3 percent, Wood of ME2Eagle Enterprises in Texas had a ready response: “Well at 3 percent, if they were going to do it internally, it wouldn’t work,” she said.<br /><br />In general, Lavonas confirmed that problems arise when people take either a little of the high concentration version without diluting it, or a larger amount of the diluted solution found at drugstores. “Where it’s dangerous is when you’re dealing with the really potent version or if you drink large amounts of the regular stuff,” he said, adding that most toxicologists and hyperbaric doctors have seen several patients who’ve ingested the chemical.<br /><br />“When hydrogen peroxide hits stomach acid, it makes bubbles. Those bubbles are oxygen gas. The highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide — a tablespoon of 35 percent hydrogen peroxide — hits your stomach and suddenly releases one and a half liters of gas, which is enough to fill the stomach very quickly, then over fill it and the gas has to go somewhere. If you’re lucky, you belch it up. If you’re unlucky, it forces its way into the blood vessels,” said Lavonas.<br /><br />Arteries don’t have valves, so once the bubbles are in the arteries, they rise to the brain and can lead to stroke. If this is suspected in a patient, Lavonas said emergency room doctors will order a CAT scan — if it reveals blood vessels that are full of air instead of blood, the diagnosis is confirmed.<br /><br />“Some people get lucky and have minor symptoms and you just need to treat the symptoms,” Lavonas said. “I’ve also treated people who have had air get as far as the blood vessels around the intestinal tract and the liver but not get up to the brain and those people generally recover pretty well. The liver is a much more forgiving organ than the brain when it comes to things like that.<br /><br />“But you know, what’s the difference?,” he continued. “Three people take exactly the same two tablespoons of peroxide, one just belches and gets nothing, one of them gets air into the liver and recovers great and one of them has a stroke or dies. You can have a stroke big enough to be fatal, you can have bubbles get into the heart and cause a heart attack and the problem is, you just don’t know going into it whether you’re going to be the guy with good luck, medium luck, or bad luck.”<br /><br />For its part, the FDA has issued official warning letters telling individuals to immediately stop promoting and selling the chemical to prevent, treat, or cure ailments. One<a href="https://www.casewatch.org/fdawarning/prod/2006/dfwx.shtml"> </a><a href="https://www.casewatch.org/fdawarning/prod/2006/dfwx.shtml">recipient</a>, contacted by the FDA as far back as July 2006, was Mark Ovard, based at the time in Wolfe City, Texas. In the letter, FDA officials cited several violations on one of Ovard’s <a href="http://www.dfwx.com/h2o2.htm">website</a>s for marketing an unapproved drug and making false and misleading statements about the product. Ovard was instructed to correct the violations within 15 working days, or at least provide an explanation as to why he would be unable to do so.<br /><img height="640" src="https://zjf683hopnivfq5d12xaooxr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ovardletter.jpg" width="504" /><br />The FDA warning letter issued to Ovard in 2006. More than a decade later, his websites still appear to flout the agency’s warnings. The full letter can be seen <a href="https://zjf683hopnivfq5d12xaooxr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FDAtoOvard-112F272F06.pdf">here</a>.<br /><img height="640" src="https://zjf683hopnivfq5d12xaooxr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/study.jpg" width="504" /><br />A 2012 <a href="https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(11)01026-3/abstract">paper</a> published in the journal Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology looked at the internal damage done in a case of accidental ingestion of high-grade hydrogen peroxide.<br /><br />According to FDA spokesperson Lyndsay Meyer, warning letters often persuade companies to voluntarily comply with federal regulations. The agency’s next steps depend on the recipient’s response.<br /><br />Documents obtained through a Freedom of Information Act request show Ovard disputed the charges in the warning letter. He made slight changes to his website, adding information about diluting the concentrated chemical, and a statement that content on the site was for informational purposes only and had not been evaluated by the FDA. In a follow-up letter sent three months later, the FDA said the changes were not good enough.<br /><br />“Regardless of whether your website includes such disclaimers, it continues to promote your 35 percent hydrogen peroxide product to prevent, treat, or cure disease conditions,” wrote then-FDA Dallas District Director Michael Chappell in November 2006. The FDA again told Ovard to immediately correct violations or face penalties, including possible criminal prosecution.<br /><br />The Texas State Board of Pharmacy and the Texas Department of State Health Services both received copies of the November 2006 letter, but neither state agency appears to have taken any action. Gay Dodson, executive director of Texas State Board of Pharmacy, said that because Ovard is not a licensed pharmacist and doesn’t own a pharmacy, any action at the state level would have been the responsibility of the Texas Department of State Health Services.<br /><br />A spokesperson for the Texas Department of State Health Services acknowledged that the department has jurisdiction for such violations, but could find no documents to indicate it took any action against Ovard or his website. But according to a 2007 internal investigation memo, FDA Investigator Connie Hannon-Rabel attempted to visit Ovard the following summer.<br /><br />In the memo, Hannon-Rabel wrote that she traveled to Wolfe City, a town of 1,400 northeast of Dallas and attempted to meet with Ovard. Once there, she learned from locals that Ovard and a female companion — some of whom referred to the couple, along with another man, as “the hydrogen peroxide people” — “had been gone for approximately 4 to 5 months.”<br /><br />Wolfe City residents told the investigator that Ovard and his companion had several sports cars and recalled a “fancy carriage” used for weddings. In addition to selling hydrogen peroxide, Ovard, who describes himself as an ordained minister and retired judge, also <a href="http://dfwx.com/">advertises</a> non-traditional wedding services on one of his websites.<br /><br />Hannon-Rabel’s memo indicates at least one Wolfe City resident was concerned about 50-gallon containers of 35 percent hydrogen peroxide that were frequently delivered to Ovard by a truck labeled with “hazardous” placards. After the futile trip to Wolfe City, the investigator eventually contacted Ovard by phone. He refused to meet with her, but in a phone call on August 16, 2007, he asked what needed to be done to get “the FDA off his back?”<br /><br />According to the memo, Hannon-Rabel again explained the FDA’s concerns. Ovard promised to make the required changes within three days, which he failed to do. On August 20, 2007, Hannon-Rabel tried to call him, but to no avail. Hannon-Rabel then notified an FDA compliance officer, who suggested she should give him more time, but added that the<a href="https://medium.com/r/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentcloud.org%2Fdocuments%2F3247179-DAL-DO-DFWX-Wolfe-City-TX-Investigative.html%23document%2Fp7%2Fa332891"> </a><a href="https://medium.com/r/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentcloud.org%2Fdocuments%2F3247179-DAL-DO-DFWX-Wolfe-City-TX-Investigative.html%23document%2Fp7%2Fa332891">agency</a> “is not prepared to support any further regulatory action.”<br /><br />FDA documents show that although Ovard did not make the required changes, he did respond to the agency with long, often rambling letters. One threatened legal action against the agency and another theorized that there are some who believe that “you are the evil FDA out to kill them.”<br /><br />In one letter, Ovard wrote:<br /><br />“The more you write — or I write — that the FDA opposes my products, the more little-knowledge customers it will draw. If you know anything of the mindset of many involved in seeking alternative health care — either in desperation, personal beliefs, or lack of funds for traditional health care — you would accept what I am attempting to explain.”<br /><br />AFTER UNDARK began asking questions about the practice, many websites, along with vendors on <a href="https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_ss_c_1_4/151-0650154-5279307?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=35+food+grade+hydrogen+peroxide&sprefix=35%25+%2Caps%2C216&crid=3FR70OUJGW5SY">Amazon</a>, have removed overt references to using hydrogen peroxide internally. But others — including <a href="https://www.intothegardenofeden.com/hydrogen-peroxide.html">intothegardenofeden.com</a> — continue to market the chemical as a health supplement, promoting it as a remedy for HIV, shingles, syphilis, cholera, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and more.<br /><br />Also still active are the “hydrogen peroxide people” — Mark Ovard and his companion, Rene Hovious. They now operate out of Crystal River, Florida, a quiet city about an hour and a half north of Tampa, and they are associated with a network of companies and websites that sell high strength hydrogen peroxide, including<a href="http://www.purehealthdiscounts.com/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIgZjQvam_2QIVTrjACh1GXw70EAAYASAAEgIDFPD_BwE"> </a><a href="http://www.purehealthdiscounts.com/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIgZjQvam_2QIVTrjACh1GXw70EAAYASAAEgIDFPD_BwE">Pure Health Discounts</a>,<a href="http://www.dfwx.com/h2o2.htm"> </a><a href="http://www.dfwx.com/h2o2.htm">DFWX</a>,<a href="http://www.inoneminutecure.com/sale.htm"> </a><a href="http://www.inoneminutecure.com/sale.htm">Guardian of Eden</a>,<a href="http://trinitynutralab.com/"> </a><a href="http://trinitynutralab.com/">Trinity Nutralab</a>,<a href="http://www.jutrianrx.com/"> </a><a href="http://www.jutrianrx.com/">Jutrian RX</a>,<a href="http://pureh2o2forhealth.com/"> </a><a href="http://pureh2o2forhealth.com/">Pure H202 For Health</a>, and<a href="http://www.celestepureh2o2.com/purecontactus.htm"> </a><a href="http://www.celestepureh2o2.com/purecontactus.htm">Celeste Pure H202 For Health</a>.<br /><br />Hovious — who is sometimes identified under a variety of different last names — processes incoming orders from an office perpetually decorated for Halloween. During a February visit, a one-eyed skeleton sporting a top hat and Mardi Gras beads watched over Hovious and three other women who worked alongside her in the tidy office.<br /><br />Hovious’ desk faces a second skeleton, this one resting on a massage chair, a pirate hat perched on its bony head. A giant stuffed spider hangs from a back wall. Under the spider, white bins on a large rack are neatly labeled with names of companies – G.O.E, for Guardian of Eden, Pure Health Discounts, Jutrian RX, Celeste, and others.<br /><br />Hovious declined to elaborate, but said most of the 35 percent hydrogen peroxide sold comes through the many companies associated with the couple. “We sell to a lot of people — most everything out there comes from us,” she said, adding that hydrogen peroxide is getting more and more popular. A good deal of the hydrogen peroxide they sell is used as a replacement for chlorine in pools, for washing clothes, and cleaning, Hoivous said, but she also said the food-grade solution can be consumed. “It’s a good product, it depends on the people and what they are using it for — as long as you do your research, it will be beneficial,” she said, adding that anyone not familiar with the product should get some and will quickly see the benefits.<br /><br />“Dosage depends on your doctor’s advice,” she said.<br /><br />“We can’t give medical advice, we just sell the product,” Hovious added.<br /><br /><br /><br />Here, the co-founder and director of a Texas eco-village, Quinn Eaker, explains the purported science underpinning hydrogen peroxide’s curative powers when ingested. It has been viewed more than 100,000 times.<br /><br />About three miles down West Gulf to Lake Highway, situated between a shopping plaza and a landscaping company, a run-down warehouse serves as a storage and distribution center for Ovard and Hovious. Peggy Melchiore, owner of the landscaping company, said she doesn’t know much about what her neighbors do in the warehouse, but has heard it involves hydrogen peroxide. She said Ovard’s business moved in a few years ago after a fire destroyed his previous warehouse.<br /><br />From just outside Melchiore’s office, black 55-gallon drums with the familiar number — UN 2014 — can be seen through large open doors of the warehouse. While she feels confident her business is a safe distance away, Melchiore noted the chemical could cause an explosion or fire and said big rigs frequently make deliveries to a side door of the warehouse.<br /><br />On a recent afternoon, an 18-wheeler from <a href="http://www.brenntag.com/north-america/en/">Brenntag</a>, a German-headquartered chemical distribution company that also operates in North America, delivered more than a dozen blue drums of hydrogen peroxide, hauling away about the same number of empties from a previous delivery. Windows on the building are covered over in dingy paper and an old ambulance and several other vehicles dot a parking area. A knock on the front door of the warehouse is quickly answered by young man named Bryan.<br /><br />Just inside the door, three men and one woman worked to slide white gallon jugs labeled “35 percent food-grade hydrogen peroxide” into plastic bags, then into cardboard shipping boxes. About 20 one-gallon jugs of the chemical sat on a large portable cart in the middle of the room.<br /><br />In 2012, Guardian of Eden, a company associated with Ovard and Hovious, was <a href="https://slidelegend.com/enforcement-notice-phmsa-us-department-of-transportation_59e2e0291723dd52a8cbf399.html">fined</a> more than $13,000 by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration for failing to properly package shipments of concentrated hydrogen peroxide. Bryan disappeared through a door in the back, returning a few minutes with Mark Ovard, who quickly, but politely ushered me outside.<br /><br />Ovard said high-strength hydrogen peroxide has many uses and a lot of customers buy the product for taxidermy and in place of chlorine for pools. He acknowledged having a “dispute” with the FDA years ago and said he changed the language on his website and added warning labels.<br /><br />“I can tell you it’s non-toxic, there’s nothing toxic in it, but once it goes into health, we can’t say more,” said Ovard when asked about the chemical’s health uses. “We give what we think is a safe level of usage as far as consuming it,” said Ovard, warning that the product could cause harm if not properly diluted.<br /><br />He declined to say how much hydrogen peroxide he sells per year, but said when it gets to be too big, the FDA gets involved.<br /><br />“I sell a significant amount and I wish I sold more,” said Ovard.<br /><br />When reached last week, Ovard insisted that his products are not marketed for internal use, though his sites offer bottles as small as 4 ounces, advertised alongside a list of books including “True Power of Hydrogen Peroxide: Miracle Path to Wellness” and “Hydrogen Peroxide: Medical Miracle.”<br /><img height="540" src="https://zjf683hopnivfq5d12xaooxr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bottless.jpg" width="640" /><br />Ovard insisted last week that his products are not marketed for internal use. But that assertion is difficult to square with the dropper bottles of the solution for sale on his website, alongside books that tout the health benefits of ingesting hydrogen peroxide.<br /><br />DR. STEPHEN BARRETT, a retired psychiatrist and founder of<a href="https://www.quackwatch.org/00AboutQuackwatch/mission.html"> </a><a href="https://www.quackwatch.org/00AboutQuackwatch/mission.html">Quackwatch</a>, has been following health-related frauds and misconduct for decades. He said that to market a product online, all that’s needed is a relatively inexpensive website, a hosting service, and a way to drive customers to the site. “That’s one of the reasons I think there are so many websites that are selling products that won’t do you any good,” said Barrett.<br /><br />Barrett’s point is <a href="https://www.google.com/adwords/?channel=ha&sourceid=awo&subid=us-en-ha-g-aw-c-bk_mv_exa_1!o2-201167645-237671382401-kwd-92290839&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI6LWT6-DJ2QIVTLnACh1QXgK6EAAYASAAEgK_8PD_BwE&dclid=CIP32uzgydkCFcTYwAodrZcELQ">illustrated</a> by Google’s advertising service, Google Ads. Sign-up is free and customers are only charged when someone engages with their ads, say by watching a video or visiting a website. According to Google <a href="https://support.google.com/adwordspolicy/answer/176031?hl=en">policy</a>, “Herbal and dietary supplements with active pharmaceutical or dangerous ingredients” are prohibited.<br /><br />Nonetheless, until recently, an ad for a website associated with Ovard — Pure Health Discounts — came up at the top of a Google search. “We are investigating this issue and any ads that violate our policies will be removed,” a Google spokesperson said when asked by Undark if such ads complied with Google’s policies. A source at Google later confirmed that 35 percent hydrogen peroxide would be added to the company’s list of prohibited pharmaceuticals and supplements.<br /><br />Barrett, meanwhile, said no regulation or policy will be effective until the sale of questionable products is no longer profitable.<br /><br />Prescription and over-the-counter drugs are evaluated by the FDA for safety and effectiveness prior to sale, and they can only be marketed for the specific conditions they have been proven to treat. If they judge it to be medically appropriate, doctors also have some latitude to legally prescribe drugs for so-called off-label uses. The ingestion of hydrogen peroxide, however, has not been approved by the FDA to cure, treat, prevent, or mitigate any disease, so vendors who market hydrogen peroxide for ingestion — or with claims that it can cure or prevent cancer, AIDS, or other ailments by whatever means — are in violation of FDA regulations and they risk criminal prosecution. <br /><br />Even so, it’s easy to find examples of sellers flouting the law. While the FDA’s Lyndsay Meyer could not comment on specific examples of marketing materials for food-grade hydrogen peroxide found online, she reiterated that it “should not be marketed or sold for human consumption or internal administration.”<br /><br />“The FDA has never approved high-strength hydrogen peroxide to be taken internally and considers hydrogen peroxide at 35 percent strength dangerous,” Meyer wrote in an email. <br /><br />Nonetheless, the odds of prosecution for these sorts of violations are slim. <br /><br />“If someone is confronted with an FDA warning, they can make small changes and hope to stall it off, they can do nothing and hope that the FDA won’t go any further, they can calculate the odds — and they also know that if the FDA does go further, there may not be a financial penalty at the end,” said Barrett.<br /><img height="427" src="https://zjf683hopnivfq5d12xaooxr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/truthaboutcancer.jpg" width="640" /><br /><br /><br />A website called The Truth About Cancer displays the above image, and claims that hydrogen peroxide “stimulates natural killer (NK) cells, which attack cancer cells as they attempt to spread throughout the body.”<br /><br />Stopping the sale of dangerous products often takes years. Ephedrine, once marketed for helping with weight loss, increasing athletic performance, and increasing energy, was finally<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210003231/http:/www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/ephedra/february2004/"> </a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210003231/http:/www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/ephedra/february2004/">banned</a> by the<a href="http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170406024611/https:/www.fda.gov/Food/ComplianceEnforcement/WarningLetters/ucm081856.htm"> </a><a href="http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170406024611/https:/www.fda.gov/Food/ComplianceEnforcement/WarningLetters/ucm081856.htm">FDA</a> in 2004 after years on the market. Despite the ban, supplements made from the rest of the Ephedra plant from can still be online.<br /><br />MMS is a toxic chemical marketed illegally as a drug to cure cancer, AIDS, malaria, and more. After pushing the product as a miracle cure for years, a Washington State man was<a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seller-miracle-mineral-solution-convicted-marketing-toxic-chemical-miracle-cure"> </a><a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seller-miracle-mineral-solution-convicted-marketing-toxic-chemical-miracle-cure">convicted</a> in 2015 of various charges related to selling the solution — which is a mixture of water and a chemical used as a pesticide and for hydraulic fracking. The following year, an ABC News investigation<a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Health/fringe-church-founder-mms-cure/story?id=43158439"> </a><a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Health/fringe-church-founder-mms-cure/story?id=43158439">revealed</a> the chemical was being marketed as part of a<a href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/shameless-high-priests-snake-oil-offer-miracle-cures/story?id=43111532"> </a><a href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/shameless-high-priests-snake-oil-offer-miracle-cures/story?id=43111532">scheme</a> by a fringe church. Despite the conviction and a shining national spotlight, MMS, too, can still be<a href="https://www.healthy-action.com/water-purification.html"> </a><a href="https://www.healthy-action.com/water-purification.html">purchased</a> online.<br /><br />Of the 600 companies Barrett says he’s reported to the FDA for marketing violations, he doubts if even a few dozen have received letters warning them to stop.<br /><br />Because the agency doesn’t pursue a lot of criminal cases, he added, companies “don’t have a lot to lose by defying the FDA.”<br /><br />OVER THE LAST several months, a <a href="http://www.purehealthdiscounts.net/reviews.htm">page</a> on the Pure Health Discounts site filled with customer testimonials touting the benefits of using 35 percent hydrogen peroxide to treat things like Epstein–Barr virus, Lyme disease, warts, and skin cancer has been removed and then re-posted. As of this writing, the page is back online (a PDF of the page as it appeared on August 19 can be viewed <a href="https://zjf683hopnivfq5d12xaooxr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/PureHealthDiscounts.pdf">here</a>). By publishing such testimonials, Pure Health Discounts appears to be violating FDA regulations, and the agency has <a href="https://www.fda.gov/iceci/enforcementactions/warningletters/2016/ucm479816.htm">issued</a> warning letters to vendors of other products for posting similar testimonials.<br /><br />Meyer declined to comment on specific sites connected to Ovard and Hovious, nor would she say whether any of the currently public pages comply with FDA regulations. Still, in an email message, she said that in general, “products that claim to cure, treat, prevent, or mitigate diseases despite not having been proven safe and effective for those intended uses would make it an unapproved new drug and a violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.”<br /><br />Meyer said FDA policy also prevents her from saying if her agency is currently monitoring the couple’s websites, but she said forcing individuals like Ovard and Hovious to comply with federal regulations can be frustrating. “They just stop and change their address or change their labeling and their company and then we’re back at square one, because now it’s a different company — and that’s if we can find them,” Meyer said, adding that when that happens, the process has to start all over again, even if the same individual is behind both companies.<br /><br />“That’s one of the greatest challenges,” Meyer said, noting that the agency has limited resources and must target investigations carefully. Products that are regulated by the FDA make up some 20 percent of the nation’s consumer spending, Meyer noted, and yet the FDA receives an average of only $8 a year from each U.S. taxpayer. “The issue here with the small companies is that they’re a lot more nimble,” she said — adding that while smaller companies have more violations, it’s often more difficult to hold them accountable.<br /><br />The vexing realities of this fringe marketplace and the challenges of regulating are not lost on Susan Khan’s son.<br /><br />“What would happen if Dow was selling this? If Bayer was selling this? If doctors were getting paid by them to recommend it?” he asked. “It would be a monumental scandal.” The younger Khan remains convinced that the ingestion of hydrogen peroxide hastened his mother’s death and robbed them of precious time together. He also argues that while the desperate and uninformed can be easily duped, most people find the idea of ingesting a concentrated, caustic chemical so far-fetched that it’s easy to discount the marginal peddlers who make money off the gullible.<br /><br />“The fact that they’re scummy, slimy people — it’s giving them, weirdly, this paradox, this protection because no one’s taking them seriously,” Khan said.<br /><br />“They’re treating them like carnival barkers and no one cares about going after a carnival barker,” he added. “But imagine if the carnival barker was poisoning people.”<br /><br />Karen Savage is an investigative journalist with a special interest in environmental justice and the effects of science on individuals, families and communities.<br /><br />UPDATE: An earlier version of this story incorrectly implied that Amazon had changed its policies regarding sales of 35 percent hydrogen peroxide following questions from the writer. The retailer updated its policy earlier this year, prior to initial contact from Undark. The piece also incorrectly described a proton pump inhibitor as a machine. It is a medication. <br /><br /><div>
<br/><hr/></div>Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-76756508935269515772020-03-13T05:02:00.001-07:002020-06-24T13:08:45.751-07:00DiY Marine/Maritine WaterMaker<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h1 class="m-detail-header--title" itemprop="headline">
Maritime Oceanic Watermakers for Long-term Ocean Cruising</h1>
It’s
easy to spend a lot of time and money on sails, engines, generators and
electronics when gearing up for a long-term cruise. However, one vital
element (literally) that is often overlooked or left until the last
minute is freshwater and the need for a Watermaker.</div>
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There’s still
the hassle of having to come into the dock to fill tanks. And for those
considering an ocean crossing, will those tanks be large enough?
Finally, those sailing into less-frequented cruising grounds, in
particular, need to ensure they have a safe supply of clean water that
they can rely on, and the best way to do this is to produce your own.<br />
<br />
The
good news is that watermakers, like many other technologies, have
advanced by leaps and bounds over the past decade and are now
significantly more efficient and reliable than their forebears. Prices
have dropped too, so there’s no longer any excuse for not at least
considering one when fitting out for a long cruise.<br />
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<figure class="l-wrap-right tml-image m-detail--tml-image--right" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"><a href="https://images.saymedia-content.com/.image/cs_srgb/MTU3Mzc4OTY3NTUxMDkxODM5/01-spectraventurainstallatio20chart1.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><source type="image/webp"></source><source></source><img alt="Click image to enlarge" class="m-detail--tml-image m-image mm-image--link" data-src="https://www.sailmagazine.com/.image/c_limit%2Ccs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_300/MTU3Mzc4ODY3NDI0NjY2NzUx/waterworld.jpg" height="640" itemprop="contentUrl url" src="https://www.sailmagazine.com/.image/t_share/MTU3Mzc4ODY3NDI0NjY2NzUx/waterworld.jpg" width="515" /></a></figure></div>
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<h2>
How they work</h2>
All
modern marine watermakers use the reverse-osmosis (RO) principle to
produce pure, potable water from seawater: an approach whereby seawater
is forced at high-pressure through a semi-permeable membrane that allows
the passage of water molecules, but not salt, organic material or
bacteria. The resulting freshwater is piped to the vessel’s water tanks
and the remaining “brine” discharged overboard.<br />
<br />
One of the main
ways in which watermakers vary is in the type of pump they employ, which
can either be electrically driven or run directly off the engine. The
watermakers installed on cruising yachts up to 60ft LOA typically run on
either DC or AC.<br />
<br />
If you have an AC generator or alternator on board,
for example, it only makes sense to use its AC output to drive the
watermaker directly. Alternatively, those with large domestic battery
banks and plentiful natural energy resources such as wind or solar might
prefer to run an AC-powered watermaker in concert with an inverter or
choose a DC-powered model.<br />
<br />
Modern DC-driven systems are
considerably more energy efficient than their predecessors, as most
incorporate some sort of power-saving energy recovery system (ERS). A
decade or so ago, a 12V DC unit producing around 10gph would have drawn
40A or more at startup.<br />
Now that has been reduced to roughly 15A, with a
constant draw of just 10A. Of course, this current is halved with a
24-volt DC unit, but the overall energy consumption remains the same.<br />
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<br />
<aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-a not-size-b"></aside>With
an engine-driven watermaker, the high-pressure pump is mounted on the
engine and is belt-driven, much like an alternator, usually with an
automatic clutch. This kind of setup can produce large quantities of
freshwater, even with a relatively small engine and is noticeably more
productive than using an alternator for generating pumping power.<br />
<br />
An
automatic regulator provides a constant pumping pressure regardless of
engine revs, so engine-driven units produce between 20-60gph, similar to
AC models, while DC units are generally limited to around 10-30gph.<br />
<br />
The
key to the aforementioned ERS approach lies in that fact that when the
discard water leaves the membrane in a watermaker it is still under
pressure, possibly up to 1,000 psi. An ERS, therefore, works by using a
set of valves to channel the energy of this pressurized waste to help
drive the pump forcing yet more water into the membrane before it is
discharged over the side. Using this method, manufacturers can reduce
energy consumption by as much as 80 percent over conventional systems.<br />
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<h2>
Modular or self-contained?</h2>
Watermakers
can be purchased in two distinct ways: modular or self-contained. The
former comes as a number of separate components that can be mounted in
different places around the boat. This approach provides a great deal of
flexibility in the inevitably constricted space available. It also
enables you to position regularly serviced items, such as filters, in
easy-to-reach locations, although some items will need to be kept close
to one another. (It also makes good sense to keep all the plumbed-in
modules on one side so that hoses don’t need to be taken all the way
across the boat.)... <br />
<br />
Self-contained designs, on the other hand, come
pre-assembled and integrated, making them much quicker to install. They
are also, however, bulkier, often coming boxed inside a fairly large
metal casing, making them much better suited to larger yachts with
larger engine spaces.<br />
<h2>
Installation, maintenance</h2>
When
installing a watermaker, it is important to bear in mind that you’ll
need to access parts of it for regular maintenance if you hope to keep
it working correctly. This is where modular designs score over the
all-in-one units, as you can place frequently serviced items such as raw
water filters (usually two) close to hand. That said, if you buy a
microprocessor-controlled (MPC) unit with a remote-control panel and
gauges, the pre-filters are probably the only items you’ll need to
access regularly as system flushing will be done automatically.<br />
<br />
Without
question, the majority of problems with RO watermakers are caused by
lack of use. Leaving them for a few weeks with stagnant water inside
almost always results in the membranes and filters becoming clogged with
debris and bacteria. For this reason, it is important to take care when
calculating the required capacity of the watermaker, so that you’re not
forced to use freshwater unnecessarily just to keep it running.<br />
<br />
Apart
from regular use, the best way to keep a watermaker clean and
productive is to flush it out frequently with freshwater. Most modern
units now have automatic flushing systems, which purge the saltwater
side with freshwater at pre-determined intervals, even when the boat is
left unattended. Note that chlorinated water must never be used, as
chlorine will destroy the membranes. Either your own tank water must be
used, or a carbon filter should be fitted in-line when using dockside
water for flushing.<br />
<br />
Occasionally, it becomes necessary to
chemically cleanse the membranes to remove any oil, fuel, grease or
bacterial growth. Though required far less frequently than freshwater
flushing, this is a critically important process for ensuring smooth
operation.<br />
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<img alt="Installation is simple with this self-contained Sea Xchange unit" src="https://www.sailmagazine.com/.image/c_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_face%2Ch_80%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_80/MTU3Mzc4NDgxNDE0NTQ2Njc3/04-se600z-2-3qtr-face-right-gradientbg.jpg" />
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<img alt="Another easy-to-install self-contained system from Echotec" src="https://www.sailmagazine.com/.image/c_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_face%2Ch_80%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_80/MTU3Mzc4NDgxNDE0NDgxMTQx/02-echotec-sargasso_hr.jpg" />
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Installation is simple with this self-contained Sea Xchange unit</div>
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<h2>
Inefficiencies</h2>
Two other factors you might
want to take into consideration when choosing a watermaker are the
average water temperature and its salinity in the areas you intend to
cruise. The colder the seawater and the higher its salt content, the
slower the purification rate will be. Therefore, if you plan to cruise
the higher latitudes, you’ll need to bump up the specs for your chosen
watermaker. Although some units incorporate Automatic Pressure
Regulation (APR) to compensate for fluctuations in these two elements,
it is done more to protect the device than to increase production. Some
units also incorporate a means of adjusting the pump speed, which can be
set to suit the environmental conditions.<br />
<br />
Something else that
will affect the output rate of a DC-driven unit is voltage. If your
batteries are low, for example (less than 12.5V), production will drop
noticeably, which results in many skippers having to run the engine in
order to top off their tanks. If this is a cause for possible concern,
you can either increase the capacity of your service bank or choose an
engine-driven pump, which will be considerably more productive and
require less engine run time.<br />
<br />
Along these same lines, if your
actual production rates end up being lower than stated for a particular
model, it could be because your electrical cables are too small,
creating a voltage drop between the batteries and the pump. To find out
if this is the case, put a meter over the pump terminals when it’s
running to check the actual voltage reaching the unit. If the difference
between the battery volts and the pump reading is greater than 5
percent, you will need to increase your cable sizes.<br />
<br />
Finally,
there can be problems if air gets into the system, which is usually
caused by the seawater inlet being incorrectly positioned. If there’s
any doubt as to whether the inlet might occasionally be above water
level or in aerated water, then it is advisable to fit a primary,
low-pressure pump with an integral pressure switch somewhere along the
inlet pipe.<br />
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<figure class="l-inline tml-image m-detail--tml-image--inline" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><source type="image/webp"></source><source></source><img alt="04-Rainman-watermaker-copy" class="m-detail--tml-image m-image" data-src="https://www.sailmagazine.com/.image/c_limit%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_700/MTU3Mzc4NDgxNDE0NTQ2NTU5/04-rainman-watermaker-copy.jpg" height="444" itemprop="contentUrl url" src="https://www.sailmagazine.com/.image/t_share/MTU3Mzc4NDgxNDE0NTQ2NTU5/04-rainman-watermaker-copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></figure></div>
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<h2>
PRODUCTS</h2>
<h3>
<b>Dometic/Spotzero</b></h3>
The
Sea Xchange portion of Dometic’s product line is the one sailors will
want to look at. These high-quality systems are available in either
modular or self-contained configurations with a plethora of options with
respect to everything from membranes to sources of power. Highlights of
the line include a user-friendly interface and the option for remote
operation. The company’s units are especially compact for use aboard
smaller vessels with cramped engine spaces. <b><a href="https://www.spotzerowater.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">spotzerowater.com</a></b> <br />
<h3>
<b>Echotec</b></h3>
The
12-volt and 24-volt DC DML-series of modular WMs from Echotec utilize
low-speed, permanent magnet stainless steel pumps and triple plungers
for improved reliability and energy efficiency, rather than a more
complex, and possibly more vulnerable, computerized energy recovery
system. However, this results in them needing almost twice the
electrical energy per gallon of freshwater produced. The company also
supplies a compact Pro model range, producing between 20-150gph for
those that have space, as well as higher capacity AC and engine-driven
units. <b><a href="http://echotecwatermakers.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">echotecwatermakers.com</a></b><br />
<h3>
<b>HRO</b></h3>
Parker
Hannifin’s HRO produces the Seafari Quest range of DC watermakers for
small to medium-sized cruising yachts, with a booster-pump ERS to help
reduce power consumption. They are available with MPC electronics, flow
rates of between 8-25gph, in either self-contained or modular formats,
with or without automatic flushing. For those preferring to use an AC
generator for power, the company’s Seafari Mini series offers 7-31gph
with similar dimensions and flexibility to the Quest. <b><a href="http://www.hrosystems.com/villagemarine/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">hrosystems.com</a></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-a not-size-b"></aside><br /><br />
<h3>
<b>Osmosea</b></h3>
Made
in Italy, the lightweight Osmosea WMs use the very latest ERS
technology to produce more water with less power. The DC-powered N12
range automatically adjusts for sea temperature and salinity, while its
modular construction simplifies installation within confined spaces.
Features include remote control, “re-mineralization” and auto-flush. Its
rugged construction, which includes the latest resins, carbon-fiber and
316 stainless steel, should ensure a long and reliable lifespan. The
15.8gph model is available with either single or dual pumps—the latter
model being switchable from two- to single-pump operation to save
energy, though reducing flow to 8gph. <b><a href="http://www.osmosea.it/en/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">osmosea.it</a></b><br />
<h3>
<b>PowerSurvivor</b></h3>
Made
by the Swiss company Katadyn, which also owns Spectra, the Survivor
range for small yachts starts with a small hand-operated unit and goes
up to the DC-powered PowerSurvivor models, the 40E and 80E. They are
small, light and very energy-efficient, thanks to their simplicity and
patented ERS. The pre-assembled 40E draws a mere 4 amps to produce
1.5gph, whereas the modular 80E will give you around 4gph for just 8
amps. With these minuscule power demands, these systems could be left to
run all day on natural power alone. The PowerSurvivor-40E also converts
to manual operation in an emergency. <b>katadyn.com</b><br />
<h3>
<b>Rainman</b></h3>
An
interesting concept, this modular Australian-produced “portable”
desalinator is comprised of a pressure supply unit (PSU) and a variety
of membrane options. The pump unit comes in three guises: DC, AC and
gasoline-driven. The first is designed to run off a typical 12V battery
bank, the second off a 2Kw portable generator and the third off its own
portable gasoline generator/pump unit. Rainman offers three standard RO
membrane options, which are compatible with either the electric or
gasoline PSUs. Custom configurations are available upon request. <b><a href="https://www.katadyn.com/us/us" rel="noopener" target="_blank">rainmandesal.com</a></b><br />
<h3>
<b>Schenker</b></h3>
This
well-respected brand of watermakers boasts an 80 percent power saving,
thanks to the inclusion of ERS throughout the range, which includes a
variety of different compact, modular or self-contained units. The Smart
series (30/60/80/100) is small and lightweight, with outputs from
8-26gph and manual or automatic flush options. The larger modular and
self-contained ready lines are more sophisticated, with full MPC options
if required and output up to 80gph. All feature automatic pressure
regulation, with components made from carbon for corrosion resistance. <b><a href="https://www.katadyn.com/us/us" rel="noopener" target="_blank">schenkerwatermakers.com</a></b><br />
<h3>
<b>Sea Recovery </b></h3>
Another
Parker Hannifin subsidiary, Sea Recovery offers a wide range of
watermakers catering to everything from smaller cruisers to offshore
drilling platforms. The company’s Aqua Whisper line is aimed directly at
the sailing market and is available in both modular and self-contained
configurations, and running off either AC or DC. The Aqua Whisper DX
offers comprehensive remote monitoring, while the Aqua Whisper Mini is
especially compact for fitting into the tight spaces found on most
sailboats. <b><a href="http://www.searecovery.com/marine/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">searecovery.com</a><br /> </b><br />
<h3>
<b>Spectra</b></h3>
Katadyn-owned
Spectra produces a wide range of watermakers, from the hand-operated
Survivor 06 to a commercial AC model capable of producing 10,000 gallons
per day. The most suitable units for cruising yachts are its
DC/AC-powered Ventura, Catalina and Newport models, offering production
rates of between 6.3 and 41gph. The simpler Ventura design comes in an
analog or automatic version, the latter including such features as MPC
control and auto-flush. Although the MPC models are fully automatic to
simplify operation, they can also be run manually in the event of MPC
failure. The majority of Spectra WMs are extremely energy-efficient, as
they utilize the Clark Pump ERS.<b><br /><a href="https://www.spectrawatermakers.com/us/us" rel="noopener" target="_blank">spectrawatermakers.com</a></b><br />
<h3>
<b>Tecnicomar</b></h3>
One
of Tecnicomar’s most popular systems designed for mid-range cruising
yachts is the modular Oasi device, which is available in two sizes: 30
and 60. The company also makes a self-contained AC model called the
Sailor Compact, available in a “slim” version for installation into
extra tight spaces. <b><a href="https://www.tecnicomar.it/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">tecnicomar.it</a></b><br />
MHS Summer 2018</div>
Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-6727174348085235182020-02-23T02:25:00.003-08:002020-11-22T00:42:57.825-08:00Drink Dr. Prepper, the Survivalists?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<section class="padding-sm padding-bottom-none secondary">
<article class="module-wysiwyg margin margin-bottom-none">
<div class="rich-text">
<h3 style="color: #d9492b;">
<b>ARE YOU READY?</b></h3><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdr5rFPX7MBXEzDw468u3X5fc6m48ojLm4ONCXig_DT_P0VnuzreBGpfAHZ3-8XSg4T3NTTbrEnCUBTbiwbkth_utxVQs8MZ71D1QfLejGdP8mJvzEh4ZlIAhtF2GrwJ5F18W5qcFArCSx/s1200/Prepper-Survivalists.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdr5rFPX7MBXEzDw468u3X5fc6m48ojLm4ONCXig_DT_P0VnuzreBGpfAHZ3-8XSg4T3NTTbrEnCUBTbiwbkth_utxVQs8MZ71D1QfLejGdP8mJvzEh4ZlIAhtF2GrwJ5F18W5qcFArCSx/s320/Prepper-Survivalists.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div>
<b>Many isolationist oriented preppers project egos of knowledge.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Many preppers have a huge game plans tinkering and thinking themselves experts.</b><br />
<br />
<b><b>Many preppers are easily traceable into rejects general population/society.</b></b><br />
<br />
<b><b><b>Many preppers </b>are still living in their mother's basement whether be`it they have or have not ever, cause similarities are shockingly remarkable similar.</b></b><br />
<br />
<b><b><b>Many preppers hide-</b></b>out in many U.S.city regions nationwide all pretending to have created these few
handy tips that origins are from articles in the farmers almanac regards homesteading. </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>... shame on this </b><b><b>98% average of</b> fake preppers ... </b><br />
<br />
<b><b><b>Many preppers boast of their s</b></b>upplies a person needs with shelter that in the real world must last over around 3 yrs, and never 6 months, prepper idiots!</b> </div>
</article>
</section>
<br />
<div class="unit-1-3 unit-1-1-sm">
<div class="rich-text">
<br />
<br />
<b style="color: #d9492b;">RULES OF THUMB:</b><span style="color: #d9492b;"><b><br /></b></span>“Two is one. One is none.” Assume something will go wrong with your food-provisions and-or your physical survival gear(s).<br />
<br />
Rule
of Three, (originated from the native-American-culture and not preppers), and they are; The average person has the following time frames (all
related to some measure of three) to survive: three minutes without
oxygen, three hours in harsh climate (e.g. severe cold temps), three
days without water, three weeks without food.<br />
<br />
The average male needs to consume 2,500 calories per day, and the average female needs to consume 2,000 calories per day.<br />
<br />
The
average person needs 2 gallons of water per day (minimum) to survive: ½
gallon to drink, ½ gallon to cook, 1 gallon for cleaning and hygiene.<br />
<br />
<b style="color: #d9492b;">FOOD:</b><span style="color: #d9492b;"><b><br /></b></span>Most
people will only have about three days’ worth of perishable food in
their pantries. Beyond that, they will need to build up long-term food
reserves. Harris recommends a mixture of food supplies to incorporate
variety, but also to maintain a healthy balance of nutrients.<br />
<br />
The
average man would need to consume approximately 450,000 calories over a
6-month period. The average woman would need approximately 360,000
calories.<br />
<br />
Most canned goods and properly packaged
(nonrefrigerated) items will last six months to a year, so Harris highly
recommends caching a good portion of your long-term foods with items
that you already eat on a regular basis (e.g., canned corn, peas, green
beans, etc.).<br />
</div>
</div>
<div class="unit-1-3 unit-1-1-sm">
<div class="rich-text">
If you don’t expect to have electricity,
or you are on a tight budget, there are still many good options
available on the market. Consider the following examples:<br />
SOS Food Ration Bars. Each brick contains approximately nine 400-calorie bars totaling 3,600 calories.<br />
<br />
Liberty
Tree (Gluten-Free) Dehydrated/Freeze-Dried pre-packaged meals. Each
bucket has a 20-year shelf life and consists of approximately 18,000
calories.<br />
To eat for one day, Harris recommends something like
this: an SOS bar for breakfast, a Liberty Tree pre-packaged meal for
lunch and a meal of one vegetable, one protein and one fruit from
long-term food storage supplies for dinner.<br />
<br />
Be sure to have a good
daily multivitamin during this period to supplement the vitamins and
minerals needed to maintain your health.<br />
<br />
<b style="color: #d9492b;">WATER:</b><span style="color: #d9492b;"><b><br /></b></span>360 gallons for drinking, cooking, cleaning, hygieneA food-grade water storage containers for long-term water storageA water filter and/or a water filtration strawBoiling,
chlorination (liquid bleach) and/or distillation is highly recommended
for any long-term water storage solutions if you do not have a good
water filtration system.<br />
<br />
<b style="color: #d9492b;">WARMTH:</b><span style="color: #d9492b;"><b><br /></b></span>BlanketsBody WarmersFire-starters, flint fire-starter, lighter, waterproof matchesCandles</div>
</div>
<br />
<b style="color: #d9492b;">HYGIENE:</b>Toothbrush, toothpaste, dental floss, mouthwash<br />
Razor, shaving creamDeodorantNail file, nail clippersShampoo, soap, hand sanitizer, hand lotionFeminine Hygiene ProductsToilet PaperDisposable waste bags<br />
<br />
<b style="color: #d9492b;">FIRST AID:</b><span style="color: #d9492b;"><b><br /></b></span>First-aid guideBandages, gauze pads, gauze wrapAlcohol prep pads, alcohol, hydrogen peroxideBurn gel/creamTweezers, shears, butterfly wound closures, sutures, suture removal kit, skin staplerPain reliever, triple antibiotics, sting relief, antacid, diotame anti-diarrheal, electrolyte replacementTourniquet, tapeNitrile Gloves, N95 surgical-grade maskAny specific medications required<br />
<br />
<b style="color: #d9492b;">TOOLS/GEAR:</b><span style="color: #d9492b;"><b><br /></b></span>Manual can openerLED Flashlight/Batteries (solar/hand-crank)High quality multi-tool (we recommend Leatherman)NOAA Weather RadioGenerator (Gas/Propane/Solar)Entertainment (Playing Cards, books, games, etc.)Forms of communication (cell phone, HAM radio, walkie-talkies, powercords, chargers, etc.), Personal protection<br />
<br />
</div>
Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-79695641469688477642020-02-23T02:08:00.002-08:002020-06-24T12:05:35.263-07:00W3C-Validator Ubunut-Fix<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<script type="text/javascript">
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/*password=prompt('Please enter the password: w3c :to enter this page:','');
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/*}
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</script>Source: <br />
https://askubuntu.com/questions/471523/install-wc3-markup-validator-locally<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk8B2P2ehi9cK7iBwVmz6wkkt8MlnkCSh1UgtdzEJjeQ65UKj5pZDwWi-gehrvWMYx8dJfgfMwnxRmsNrANRydDfZQtIwfYS75GP6GTKcUnkrKyoFlvp0jpB0z_Y_1ImtjBDBr5f2TeH0I/s1600/w3c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="1000" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk8B2P2ehi9cK7iBwVmz6wkkt8MlnkCSh1UgtdzEJjeQ65UKj5pZDwWi-gehrvWMYx8dJfgfMwnxRmsNrANRydDfZQtIwfYS75GP6GTKcUnkrKyoFlvp0jpB0z_Y_1ImtjBDBr5f2TeH0I/s640/w3c.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<h1 class="grid--cell fs-headline1 fl1 ow-break-word mb8" itemprop="name">
<a class="question-hyperlink" href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/471523/install-wc3-markup-validator-locally">Install wc3 markup validator locally</a></h1>
</div>
<br />
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How to install and use w3c markup validator on Ubuntu 13.10 locally? I know I can install it by installing following packages:<br />
<pre><code>sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-perl2
sudo apt-get install w3c-markup-validator
</code></pre>
<br />
but how do I configure it to use it same way as <a href="http://validator.w3.org/#validate_by_upload">on-line version</a> (that is by web browser), but locally?<br />
<br />
Its uses CGI to work, and is probably designed for a webserver - the script on ubuntu seems to be located at /usr/lib/cgi-bin/w3c-markup-validator/check. Also: <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/a/16673201/2943276">stackoverflow.com/a/16673201/2943276</a> – <a href="https://askubuntu.com/users/178596/wilf">Wilf</a> <a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/471523/install-wc3-markup-validator-locally#comment624234_471523">May 24 '14 at 14:42</a> <br />
<br />
If you find a way to use the validator offline, can you reply with detailed steps please, I was also looking for that :) – <a href="https://askubuntu.com/users/176689/mrvaykadji">MrVaykadji</a> <a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/471523/install-wc3-markup-validator-locally#comment624245_471523">May 24 '14 at 14:59</a> <br />
<div id="answers-header">
<div class="subheader answers-subheader">
<h2 data-answercount="2">
2 Answers:
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="answer accepted-answer" data-answerid="472053" id="answer-472053" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Answer">
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Good news! So if you have apache2 already installed, you install W3C Validator and Perl:<br />
<pre><code>sudo apt-get install w3c-markup-validator libapache2-mod-perl2
</code></pre>
<br />
The issue is that the w3c-markup-validator package hasn't been
updated to install properly on 13.10+ (I'm on 14.04). To fix it
manually:<br />
<pre><code>sudo ln -s /etc/w3c/httpd.conf /etc/apache2/conf-enabled/w3c-markup-validator.conf
</code></pre>
<br />
I then had an issue where <code>/usr/lib/cgi-bin</code> didn't have the correct permissions.<br />
<br />
This is due to a problem in <code>/etc/apache2/conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf</code>
where it will only give the correct permission if the module is being
loaded. It appears this version of perl isn't listed in the IfModule
statement. To fix this:<br />
<pre><code>sudo gedit /etc/apache2/conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf
</code></pre>
<br />
You want it to look like this:<br />
--------------------------------------------------------------------- <br />
<pre><code><IfModule mod_alias.c>
<IfModule mod_cgi.c>
Define ENABLE_USR_LIB_CGI_BIN
</IfModule>
<IfModule mod_cgid.c>
Define ENABLE_USR_LIB_CGI_BIN
</IfModule>
<IfModule mod_perl.c>
Define ENABLE_USR_LIB_CGI_BIN
</IfModule>
<IfDefine ENABLE_USR_LIB_CGI_BIN>
ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /usr/lib/cgi-bin/
<Directory "/usr/lib/cgi-bin">
AllowOverride None
Options +ExecCGI -MultiViews +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
Require all granted
</Directory>
</IfDefine>
</IfModule>
# vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet
</code></pre>
---------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
Once you're done with these steps you have to symlink validator's html directory to /var/www/html:<br />
<pre><code>sudo ln -s /usr/share/w3c-markup-validator/html /var/www/html/w3c-validator
</code></pre>
<br />
Once the file is linked and the changes are in place, all you have to do is restart the Apache server:<br />
<pre><code>sudo service apache2 restart
</code></pre>
<br />
Check that it's all working<br />
<pre><code>http://localhost/w3c-validator
</code></pre>
<br />
CSS might be missing from validator page in the browser, but validation should work well.<br />
<br />
Try sudo xdg-open http://localhost/w3c-validator or to change httpd.conf's permission with sudo chown $USER:$USER /etc/w3c/httpd.conf and sudo chmod 777 /etc/w3c/httpd.conf. – <a href="https://askubuntu.com/users/176689/mrvaykadji">MrVaykadji</a> <a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/471523/install-wc3-markup-validator-locally#comment625217_472053">May 25 '14 at 19:52</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
I gave that a try and it didn't work. I'm pretty sure the problem is in /etc/w3c/httpd.conf and how it uses mod_rewrite to link to /usr/lib/cgi-bin/w3c-markup-validator/check. Possibly an Apache rule about running code perl that's not in the docroot... – <a href="https://askubuntu.com/users/177446/skarard">Skarard</a> <a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/471523/install-wc3-markup-validator-locally#comment625231_472053">May 25 '14 at 20:15</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
/etc/w3c/validator.conf might also need checking. E.g. there might be a validator.conf.dpkg-dist that is different. – <a href="https://askubuntu.com/users/129227/wolfgang-fahl">Wolfgang Fahl</a> <a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/471523/install-wc3-markup-validator-locally#comment1129793_472053">Apr 13 '16 at 5:29</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="756829"></a>
<br />
<div class="answer" data-answerid="756829" id="answer-756829" itemprop="suggestedAnswer" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Answer">
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<br />
<div class="post-text" itemprop="text">
After applying @Skarard's answer the W3CValidator showed up
but the check didn't work. There were errors in
/var/log/apache2/error.log<br />
<pre><code> AH01337: Could not parse expr "$QUERY_STRING = /(^|[;&])debug(=[^0]?)?(\\b|$)/" in /usr/share/w3c-markup-validator/html/header.html: Parse error near '$'
AH01337: Could not parse expr "$includeJS = 1" in /usr/share/w3c-markup-validator/html/header.html: Parse error near '$'
AH01337: Could not parse expr "$debug = 1" in /usr/share/w3c-markup-validator/html/header.html: Parse error near '$'
AH01337: Could not parse expr "$feeds = 1" in /usr/share/w3c-markup-validator/html/header.html: Parse error near '$'
</code></pre>
<br />
So I found out that the validator.conf file was pointing to a wrong
schema location. There was a left over validator.conf.dpkg-dist<br />
<pre><code>/etc/w3c# diff validator.conf validator.conf.dpkg-dist
42c42
< Library = /usr/share/xml/xhtml/schema/dtd
---
> Library = /usr/share/xml/w3c-sgml-lib/schema/dtd
57c57
< Allow Private IPs = yes
---
> Allow Private IPs = no
75c75
< Allow = http
---
> Allow = data,ftp,http,https
118,123d117
<
< #
< # Source for the "Tip of The Day" blurbs.
< <Tips>
< Include tips.cfg
< </Tips>
</code></pre>
<br />
I moved the validator.conf.dkpk-dist to validator.conf and restarted apache.
The error messages in /var/log/apache2/error.log were still there.<br />
Apache 2.4 being in use seemed to be the reason as outlined in <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14878076/how-does-expression-work-in-apache-2-4">https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14878076/how-does-expression-work-in-apache-2-4</a>) so i had to add<br />
<pre><code>SSILegacyExprParser On
</code></pre>
to the w3c-markup-validator.conf file.</div>
<time datetime="2016-04-13T05:31:25" itemprop="dateCreated"></time>
</div>
Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-42963163549541347972020-02-22T00:27:00.001-08:002020-06-24T12:08:57.212-07:00IP Subnet 1-32 references<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;">IP Subnet 1-32 references</span></h2>
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<h1>
What Is a Subnet?</h1>
An IP address contains data-set numbers identifying networks billions of computers are connected to.<br />
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The computer and-or host home-PC computer itself has an IP address associated with a single MAC-address, (MAC-Address-Example; 10:k7:98:y8:20:b7 ), provides a way of networking hardware to recognize
the network as well as the host segments of an IP address attached to Mac-Addresses.<br />
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This is were sub-netting can be exampled keeping people connected listed below.<br />
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All subnets for <b>192.168.0.1</b> are:<br />
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<table>
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<tr>
<td><b> CIDR block </b></td>
<td><b> IP range (network - broadcast) </b></td>
<td><b> Subnet Mask </b></td>
<td><b> IP Quantity </b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.1/32 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.1 - 192.168.0.1 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.255.255 </td><td align="center"> 1 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/31 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.0.1 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.255.254 </td><td align="center"> 2 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/30 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.0.3 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.255.252 </td><td align="center"> 4 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/29 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.0.7 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.255.248 </td><td align="center"> 8 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/28 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.0.15 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.255.240 </td><td align="center"> 16 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/27 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.0.31 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.255.224 </td><td align="center"> 32 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/26 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.0.63 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.255.192 </td><td align="center"> 64 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/25 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.0.127 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.255.128 </td><td align="center"> 128 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/24 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.0.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.255.0 </td><td align="center"> 256 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/23 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.1.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.254.0 </td><td align="center"> 512 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/22 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.3.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.252.0 </td><td align="center"> 1024 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/21 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.7.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.248.0 </td><td align="center"> 2048 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/20 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.15.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.240.0 </td><td align="center"> 4096 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/19 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.31.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.224.0 </td><td align="center"> 8192 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/18 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.63.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.192.0 </td><td align="center"> 16384 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/17 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.127.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.128.0 </td><td align="center"> 32768 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/16 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.255.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 65536 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/15 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.169.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.254.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 131072 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/14 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.171.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.252.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 262144 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.168.0.0/13 </td><td align="left"> 192.168.0.0 - 192.175.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.248.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 524288 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.160.0.0/12 </td><td align="left"> 192.160.0.0 - 192.175.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.240.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 1048576 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.160.0.0/11 </td><td align="left"> 192.160.0.0 - 192.191.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.224.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 2097152 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.128.0.0/10 </td><td align="left"> 192.128.0.0 - 192.191.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.192.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 4194304 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.128.0.0/9 </td><td align="left"> 192.128.0.0 - 192.255.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.128.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 8388608 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.0.0.0/8 </td><td align="left"> 192.0.0.0 - 192.255.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 255.0.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 16777216 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.0.0.0/7 </td><td align="left"> 192.0.0.0 - 193.255.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 254.0.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 33554432 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.0.0.0/6 </td><td align="left"> 192.0.0.0 - 195.255.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 252.0.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 67108864 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.0.0.0/5 </td><td align="left"> 192.0.0.0 - 199.255.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 248.0.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 134217728 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.0.0.0/4 </td><td align="left"> 192.0.0.0 - 207.255.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 240.0.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 268435456 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.0.0.0/3 </td><td align="left"> 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 224.0.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 536870912 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 192.0.0.0/2 </td><td align="left"> 192.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 192.0.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 1073741824 </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 128.0.0.0/1 </td><td align="left"> 128.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255 </td><td align="left"> 128.0.0.0 </td><td align="center"> 2147483648 </td></tr>
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<a href="https://www.dan.me.uk/ipsubnets?ip=192.168.0.1" target="_blank">Source Reference.</a> </div>
Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-64169379998726263002020-02-18T14:05:00.000-08:002020-10-18T14:56:55.431-07:00Melanesians Unknown Human Species DNA Baffled Scientists<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type="text/javascript"> /* ======= ======= ======= */ /* Source: Password Protection Script by site:www.bloggerspice.com /* ======= ======= ======= */ var password = '0Melanesians1' password=prompt('Please enter the password: VHDL :to enter this page:',''); if (password != '0Melanesians1') { location.href='https://anomalous.internet-how-to.com/2020/02/melanesians-unknown-human-species-dna.html'; } /* ======= ======= ======= */ </script> <br /><h1 class="reader-title">Melanesians Unknown Human Species DNA Baffled Scientists</h1><div class="credits reader-credits">Posted by Awareness</div><div class="meta-data"><div class="reader-estimated-time" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">6-7 minutes</div></div><hr /><div class="content"><div class="moz-reader-content line-height4 reader-show-element" dir="ltr"><div class="page" id="readability-page-1"><div id="adsense-target1"><div id="adsense-target">Hints of an unidentified, extinct human species have been found in the DNA of modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia" target="_blank">Melanesians</a> – those living in a region of the South Pacific, northeast of Australia. According to new genetic modelling, the species is unlikely to be Neanderthal or Denisovan – two ancient species that are represented in the fossil record – but could represent a third, unknown human relative that has so far eluded archaeologists.<br /><center><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMylq0httb_ECrgu8IUoYFkBt27zOrj98PuRxRlOwwndof3jMu2h_XG35VhymBZ8PzUQJAD3UKb1GVY6tki7LpuZiZzUfQt-HyNuzNQ6aiNMEXY21CuWCit0cZ_7UcH8ul8sgW2nXL_-N8/s1600/Scientists+Baffled+To+Find+Find+Melanesians+Carry+DNA+Of+An+Unknown+Human+Species.jpg" width="90%" /></center><br /><i>“We're missing a population, or we're misunderstanding something about the relationships,”</i> Ryan Bohlender, a statistical geneticist from the University of<br /><br />Texas, told Tina Hesman Saey at <a href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dna-data-offer-evidence-unknown-extinct-human-relative" target="_blank">Science News</a>.<br />Bohlender and his team have been investigating the percentages of extinct <a href="http://australianmuseum.net.au/hominid-and-hominin-whats-the-difference" target="_blank">hominid</a> DNA that modern humans still carry today, and say they've found discrepancies in previous analyses that suggest our mingling with Neanderthals and Denisovans isn't the whole story.</div><div id="adsense-target"><br />It's thought that between 100,000 and 60,000 years ago, our early ancestors migrated out of Africa, and first made contact with other hominid species living on the Eurasian landmass.<br />This contact left a mark on our species that can still be found today, with Europeans and Asians carrying distinct genetic variants of Neanderthal DNA in their own genomes. And that's not all they've given us.<br /><a href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/neandertal-dna-may-raise-risk-some-modern-human-diseases" target="_blank">Earlier this year</a>, researchers investigated certain genetic variants that people of European descent inherited from Neanderthals, and found that they're associated with several health problems, including a slightly increased <a href="http://simplecapacity.com/2016/02/5-tips-for-empaths-to-prevent-anxiety-and-depression/" target="_blank">risk of depression</a>, <a href="http://simplecapacity.com/2016/04/careful-6-symptoms-sent-body-one-month-heart-attack/" target="_blank">heart attack</a>, and a number of skin disorders.<br />And a separate study <a href="http://www.sciencealert.com/modern-genital-warts-came-from-ancestors-sleeping-with-neanderthals" target="_blank">published earlier this month</a> found evidence that modern genital warts – otherwise known as the human papillomavirus (HPV) – were sexually transmitted to Homo sapiens after our ancestors slept with Neanderthals and Denisovans once they left Africa.<br />While our relationship with Neanderthals has been widely researched, how we interacted with the Denisovans – the distant cousins of Neanderthals – is less clear.<br />The problem is that Neanderthals are well represented in the fossil record, with many remains having been uncovered across Europe and Asia, but all we have of the Denisovans is a lone finger bone and a couple of teeth that were found in a Siberian cave <a href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dna-puts-neandertal-relatives-siberia-60000-years" target="_blank">in 2008</a>.<br />Using a new computer model to figure out the amount of Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA carried by modern humans, Bohlender and his colleague found that European people carry a similar amount of Neanderthal DNA: about 2.8 percent.<br />That result is pretty similar to previous studies have estimated that Europeans and Asians carry, on average, between 1.5 and 4 percent Neanderthal DNA.<br />But when they got to Denisovan DNA, things were a bit more complicated, particularly when it came to modern populations living in Melanesia – a region of the South Pacific that includes Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, West Papua, and the Maluku Islands.<br />As Hesman Saey explains for Science News:<br /><i>“Europeans have no hint of Denisovan ancestry, and people in other-countries have a tiny amount – 0.1 percent, according to Bohlender's calculations. But 2.74 percent of the DNA in people in Papua New Guinea comes from Neanderthals. </i><br /><i> And Bohlender estimates the amount of Denisovan DNA in Melanesians is about 1.11 percent, not the 3 to 6 percent estimated by other researchers. While investigating the Denisovan discrepancy, Bohlender and colleagues came to the conclusion that a third group of hominids may have bred with the ancestors of Melanesians.” </i><br /><i> “Human history is a lot more complicated than we thought it was,”</i><br />he told her. This find is supported by a <a href="http://www.sciencealert.com/genetic-study-confirms-that-indigenous-australians-are-the-most-ancient-civilisation-on-earth" target="_blank">separate study</a> by researchers from the Natural History Museum of Denmark, who analysed DNA from 83 Aboriginal Australians and 25 locals from the Papua New Guinea highlands. As we reported last month, this was the most comprehensive genetic study of Indigenous Australians to date, and it indicated that they are the oldest continuous civilization on Earth, dating back more than 50,000 years ago.<br />But the results revealed something else – DNA that was very similar to that of the Denisovans, but distinct enough for the researchers to suggest that it could have come from a <a href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/single-exodus-africa-gave-rise-todays-non-africans" target="_blank">third, unidentified hominid</a>. <i>“Who this group is we don't know,”</i> lead researcher Eske Willerslev told Hesman Saey.<br />Until we have more concrete evidence of this hypothesized third human species (some fossils would be nice), we can't prove this, and we should point out that Bohlender's estimates <a href="https://ep70.eventpilot.us/web/page.php?page=IntHtml&project=ASHG16&id=160122719" target="_blank">have yet to be formally peer-reviewed</a>, so they might shift with further scrutiny. <br />And it could be that our identification of Denisovan DNA is more ambiguous than we think, given that our only source is a finger bone and a couple of teeth. But the evidence is mounting that our interactions with ancient humans were far more complex than we'd assumed, which shouldn't be much of a surprise, when you think about it.<br />Just because we don't see them in the fossil record doesn't mean they didn't exist – preserving the remains of something for tens of thousands of years isn't easy, and then someone has to be in the right place at the right time to dig them up. Hopefully, the more we investigate the genetic make-up of our most ancient societies, the more hints we'll get of the rich and complicated history our species shared with those that didn't make it to modern times.<br />So much incredible findings of an <a href="http://simplecapacity.com/2016/10/scientists-frozen-speechless-shocking-dna-evidence-reveals-nephilim-existence-video-photos/" target="_blank">unknown DNA surface</a>, we may need to think twice before saying that we are ‘alone’ in the universe. The results of Bohlender's analysis were presented last week at the 2016 <a href="http://www.ashg.org/" target="_blank">American Society of Human Genetics</a> meeting in Canada.<br /><br />DNA, extinct human species, Melanesian, Neanderthal, Denisovan, archaeologist, geneticist, hominid DNA, Africa, Eurasian landmass, Europeans, Asians, papillomavirus (HPV), Homo sapiens, Siberian, Asia, South Pacific, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, West Papua, Maluku Islands. </div></div></div></div></div></div>Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-33866434757662663362020-02-18T13:50:00.000-08:002020-10-18T14:55:48.246-07:00West Africans Human Origins Complicates History Re-writers via 'Ghost' DNA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type="text/javascript"> /* ======= ======= ======= */ /* Source: Password Protection Script by site:www.bloggerspice.com /* ======= ======= ======= */ var password = '0GhostDNA1' password=prompt('Please enter the password: VHDL :to enter this page:',''); if (password != '0GhostDNA1') { location.href='https://anomalous.internet-how-to.com/2020/02/west-africans-human-origins-complicates.html'; } /* ======= ======= ======= */ </script> Article Source Origin: <a class="domain reader-domain" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/02/12/805237120/ghost-dna-in-west-africans-complicates-story-of-human-origins?utm_source=pocket-newtab">npr.org</a> <br /><div class="container content-width3" style="--font-size: 20px;"><div class="header reader-header reader-show-element"><h1 class="reader-title">West Africans Human Origins Complicates History Re-writers via 'Ghost' DNA</h1><div class="credits reader-credits"> DNA, extinct human species, Melanesian, Neanderthal, Denisovan, archaeologist, geneticist, hominid DNA, Africa, Eurasian landmass, Europeans, Asians, papillomavirus (HPV), Homo sapiens, Siberian, Asia, South Pacific, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, West Papua, Maluku Islands<br /><br />Merrit Kennedy Instagram Twitter</div><div class="meta-data"><div class="reader-estimated-time"></div></div></div><hr /><div class="content"><div class="moz-reader-content line-height4 reader-show-element"><div class="page" id="readability-page-1"><div id="storytext"><div id="res805269942"><div data-crop-type=""><img alt="" src="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2020/02/12/gettyimages-590772721-14cc4641e7f699890aec2f4c47b3162805fbf1b1-s700-c85.jpg" /></div><div><div>An artist's rendering of DNA. Scientists have found traces of DNA that they say is evidence that prehistoric humans procreated with an unknown hominin group in West Africa.<br /><br /> <b aria-label="Image credit"> Westend61/Getty Images/Westend61 </b> <b><b>hide caption</b></b> <br /><b><b>toggle caption</b></b><span aria-label="Image credit"><b> </b>Westend61/Getty Images/Westend61 </span></div></div><div><img alt="" data-original="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2020/02/12/gettyimages-590772721-14cc4641e7f699890aec2f4c47b3162805fbf1b1-s1200.jpg" /> </div><div><div><div class="caption"><br />An artist's rendering of DNA. Scientists have found traces of DNA that they say is evidence that prehistoric humans procreated with an unknown hominid group in West Africa.</div><span aria-label="Image credit"> Westend61/Getty Images/Westend61 </span> </div></div></div>About 50,000 years ago, ancient humans in what is now West Africa apparently procreated with another group of ancient humans that scientists didn't know existed.<br /><br />There aren't any bones or ancient DNA to prove it, but researchers say the evidence is in the genes of modern West Africans. They analyzed genetic material from hundreds of people from Nigeria and Sierra Leone and found signals of what they call "ghost" DNA from an unknown ancestor.<br /><br />Our own species — <i>Homo sapiens</i> — lived alongside other groups that split off from the same genetic family tree at different times. And there's plenty of evidence from other parts of the world that early humans had sex with other hominins, like Neanderthals.<br /><br />That's why Neanderthal genes are present in humans today, in people of European and Asian descent. <i>Homo sapiens</i> also mated with another group, the Denisovans, and those genes are found in people from Oceania.<br /><br /><div id="res805298995"><div><a data-metrics="{"category":"Story to Story","action":"Click Internal Link","label":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/05\/01\/718729011\/denisovans-a-mysterious-form-of-ancient-humans-are-traced-to-tibet"}" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/05/01/718729011/denisovans-a-mysterious-form-of-ancient-humans-are-traced-to-tibet" id="featuredStackSquareImage718729011"><img alt="Denisovans, A Mysterious Kind Of Ancient Humans, Are Traced To Tibet" src="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/04/30/mandible_p_sq-e385f174ad2f76b89d315b44a4b70e2d87963d83-s300-c85.jpg" /></a></div></div><br />The findings on ghost DNA, published <a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/7/eaax5097">in the journal Science Advances</a>, further complicate the picture of how <i>Homo sapiens </i>— or modern humans — evolved away from other human relatives. "It's almost certainly the case that the story is incredibly complex and complicated and we have kind of these initial hints about the complexity," says <a href="http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~sriram/">Sriram Sankararaman</a>, a computational biologist at UCLA.<br /><br />The scientists analyzed the genomes of 405 West Africans. Sankararaman says they used a statistical model to flag parts of the DNA. The technique "goes along a person's genome and pulls out chunks of DNA which we think are likely to have come from a population that is not modern human."<br /><br /><div id="res805267724"><div><a data-metrics="{"category":"Story to Story","action":"Click Internal Link","label":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2013\/12\/18\/252046939\/mixing-it-up-50-000-years-ago-who-slept-with-whom"}" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/12/18/252046939/mixing-it-up-50-000-years-ago-who-slept-with-whom" id="featuredStackSquareImage252046939"><img alt="Mixing It Up 50,000 Years Ago — Who Slept With Whom?" src="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2013/12/18/denisova_excavation_sq-fd89a89b932fce66968b31756effe96a95017ea8-s300-c85.jpg" /></a></div></div><br />The unusual DNA found in West Africa isn't associated with either Neanderthals or Denisovans. Sankararaman and his study co-author, <a href="https://arundurvasula.github.io/">Arun Durvasula</a>, think it comes from a yet-to-be-discovered group.<br />"We don't have a clear identity for this archaic group," Sankararaman says. "That's why we use the term 'ghost.' It doesn't seem to be particularly closely related to the groups from which we have genome sequences from."<br />The scientists think the interbreeding happened about 50,000 years ago, roughly the same time that Neanderthals were breeding with modern humans elsewhere in the world. It's not clear whether there was a single interbreeding "event," though, or whether it happened over an extended period of time.<br />The unknown group "appears to have split off from the ancestors of modern humans a little before when Neanderthals split off from our ancestors," he says.<br /><a href="https://www.biostat.washington.edu/people/sharon-browning">Sharon Browning</a>, a biostatistics professor at the University of Washington who has studied the mixing of Denisovans and humans, says "the scenario that they are discovering here is one that seems realistic."<br /><br /><div id="res805267974"><div><a data-metrics="{"category":"Story to Story","action":"Click Internal Link","label":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2018\/08\/22\/640627452\/ancient-bone-reveals-swingin-sex-lives-of-neanderthals"}" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/08/22/640627452/ancient-bone-reveals-swingin-sex-lives-of-neanderthals" id="featuredStackSquareImage640627452"><img alt="Ancient Bone Reveals Surprising Sex Lives Of Neanderthals" src="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2018/08/21/denisova_cave3_sq-b60cc8c4ac7b01e1d1ff7a87ddeb841fdfcec899-s300-c85.jpg" /></a></div></div>Browning notes that the ghost DNA appears frequently in the genetic material. "That tells us that these archaic populations might have had some DNA that did some useful stuff that's proved to be useful to the modern population," she says.<br />But at the moment, Sankararaman says, it's not possible to know what, if any, role these genetic materials have for modern humans who carry them. "Are they just randomly floating in our genomes? Do they have any kind of adaptive benefits? Do they have deleterious consequences?" he added. "Those are all questions which would be fantastic to start thinking about."<br />He says there is likely evidence of other ghost populations in modern humans in other parts of the world. "I think as we get the genome sequences from different parts of the world at different points in time, there is always the possibility that we might discover these as-yet-unidentified ghost populations," Sankararaman says.<br />It's also possible that the ghost DNA found in this study comes from multiple groups, Browning added. "Within Africa, we don't know how many archaic groups might have been involved, and the study doesn't tell us that," she says. "It tells us that there was integration, but it could have been from more than one archaic population, in theory."<br />Compared with the Neanderthals, where there is abundant DNA fossil evidence, physical samples are much harder to come by in Africa. Browning says the climate on the continent has made it challenging.<br />"The conditions have to be right for the fossils to not totally disintegrate" in order to recover DNA, Browning says. Bones have been found in Africa from archaic populations, but no DNA has been recovered. Still, she adds, "the technology is continuing to improve, and people are still out there looking for more fossils."<br />So what happened to this mysterious group of ancient humans? Scientists aren't totally sure.<br />They might have died off, or they might have eventually been completely subsumed into modern humans.</div><div id="callout-end-of-story-mount"><br /><br /><br /><section data-reactroot=""><div><div><div>Catch up on the latest headlines and unique NPR stories, sent every weekday.</div></div></div></section></div></div></div></div><div></div></div></div>Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-62107797818211020662020-02-01T07:16:00.002-08:002020-12-27T11:41:56.913-08:00Ultra Low Latency Server Huge-page Config<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':8,'w':653,'h':2862,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':143}">
<hr bis_size="{'x':16,'y':8,'w':653,'h':2,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':143}" />
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':18,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':153}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':18,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':153}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":18,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":153}"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Ultra Low Latency Server Huge-page Config</span> </span></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi0hkr5li9sx38p0NG9HzlEGwd02N3-ijLKcnZ134RvIdvYnPlRYGzlPvPUzTGOBJWNDaidybq4FlsdyCHQ2zXOtr-XBtnhyphenhyphenCX4f8p1L3nxeB13Fvi6XvvJ09HZT6g4-L_62grjdKJQ50o/s1024/Ultra+Low+Latency+Server+Huge-page+Config-0.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="1024" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi0hkr5li9sx38p0NG9HzlEGwd02N3-ijLKcnZ134RvIdvYnPlRYGzlPvPUzTGOBJWNDaidybq4FlsdyCHQ2zXOtr-XBtnhyphenhyphenCX4f8p1L3nxeB13Fvi6XvvJ09HZT6g4-L_62grjdKJQ50o/w640-h166/Ultra+Low+Latency+Server+Huge-page+Config-0.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":18,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":153}" style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div></div>
<hr bis_size="{'x':16,'y':105,'w':653,'h':2,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':240}" />
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':115,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':250}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':115,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':250}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":115,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":250}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':115,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':250}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':134,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':269}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':134,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':269}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":134,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":269}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':134,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':269}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':153,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':288}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':153,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':288}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":153,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":288}">
#</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':172,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':307}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':172,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':307}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":172,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":307}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':172,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':307}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':191,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':326}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':191,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':326}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":191,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":326}">
# Uncomment the following to stop low-level messages on console</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':210,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':345}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':210,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':345}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":210,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":345}">
kernel.printk = 3 4 1 3</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':229,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':364}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':229,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':364}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":229,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":364}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':229,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':364}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':248,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':383}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':248,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':383}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":248,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":383}">
# /etc/sysctl.conf - Configuration file for setting system variables</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':267,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':402}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':267,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':402}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":267,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":402}">
# See /etc/sysctl.d/ for additional system variables.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':286,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':421}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':286,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':421}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":286,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":421}">
# See sysctl.conf (5) for information.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':305,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':440}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':305,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':440}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":305,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":440}">
#</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':324,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':459}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':324,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':459}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":324,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":459}">
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':343,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':478}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':343,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':478}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":343,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":478}">
#</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':362,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':497}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':362,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':497}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":362,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":497}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':362,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':497}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':381,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':516}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':381,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':516}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":381,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":516}">
# Increase maximum amount of memory allocated to shm</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':400,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':535}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':400,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':535}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":400,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":535}">
# Increase size of file handles and inode cache</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':419,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':554}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':419,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':554}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":419,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":554}">
fs.file-max = 209715200000</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':438,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':573}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':438,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':573}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":438,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":573}">
# </div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':457,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':592}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':457,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':592}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":457,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":592}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':457,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':592}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':476,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':611}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':476,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':611}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":476,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":611}">
# Increase size of Kernel Memory Sharing</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':495,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':630}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':495,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':630}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":495,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":630}">
kernel.shmmax = 51539607552</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':514,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':649}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':514,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':649}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":514,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":649}">
kernel.shmmni = 515396075</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':533,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':668}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':533,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':668}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":533,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":668}">
kernel.shmall = 51539607552</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':552,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':687}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':552,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':687}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":552,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":687}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':552,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':687}" /></div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':552,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':687}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":571,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":706}">
vm.hugepages_treat_as_movable=24576</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':571,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':706}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':571,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':706}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":590,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":725}">
vm.nr_hugepages=24576</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':571,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':706}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":609,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":744}">
vm.nr_hugepages_mempolicy=24576</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':571,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':706}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":628,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":763}">
vm.nr_overcommit_hugepages=24576</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':590,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':725}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':590,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':725}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":647,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":782}">
vm.hugetlb_shm_group=0</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':609,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':744}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':609,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':744}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":666,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":801}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':609,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':744}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':628,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':763}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':628,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':763}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":685,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":820}">
#</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':647,'w':653,'h':38,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':782}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':647,'w':653,'h':38,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':782}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":704,"w":653,"h":38,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":839}">
# This will increase the amount of memory available for socket input/output queues</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':685,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':820}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':685,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':820}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":742,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":877}">
# Increase number of incoming connections</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':704,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':839}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':704,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':839}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":761,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":896}">
net.core.somaxconn = 65535</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':723,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':858}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':723,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':858}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":780,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":915}">
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 51539607552 51539607552</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':742,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':877}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':742,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':877}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":799,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":934}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':742,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':877}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':761,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':896}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':761,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':896}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":818,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":953}">
# Maximum Socket Receive Buffer</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':780,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':915}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':780,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':915}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":837,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":972}">
net.core.rmem_max = 51539607552</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':799,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':934}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':799,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':934}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":856,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":991}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':799,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':934}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':818,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':953}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':818,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':953}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":875,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1010}">
# Default Socket Receive Buffer</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':837,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':972}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':837,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':972}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":894,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1029}">
net.core.rmem_default = 51539607552</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':856,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':991}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':856,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':991}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":913,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1048}">
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65536 51539607552</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':875,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1010}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':875,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1010}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":932,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1067}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':875,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1010}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':894,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1029}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':894,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1029}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":951,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1086}">
# Maximum Socket Send Buffer</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':913,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1048}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':913,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1048}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":970,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1105}">
net.core.wmem_max = 51539607552</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':932,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1067}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':932,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1067}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":989,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1124}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':932,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1067}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':951,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1086}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':951,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1086}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1008,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1143}">
# Default Socket Send Buffer</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':970,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1105}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':970,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1105}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1027,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1162}">
net.core.wmem_default = 31457280</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':989,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1124}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':989,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1124}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1046,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1181}">
net.core.optmem_max = 51539607552</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1008,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1143}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1008,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1143}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1065,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1200}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1008,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1143}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1027,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1162}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1027,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1162}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1084,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1219}">
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 51539607552</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1046,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1181}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1046,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1181}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1103,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1238}">
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 51539607552</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1065,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1200}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1065,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1200}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1122,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1257}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1065,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1200}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1084,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1219}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1084,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1219}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1141,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1276}">
# Number of times SYNACKs for passive TCP connection.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1103,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1238}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1103,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1238}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1160,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1295}">
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1122,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1257}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1122,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1257}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1179,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1314}">
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1141,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1276}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1141,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1276}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1198,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1333}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1141,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1276}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1160,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1295}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1160,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1295}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1217,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1352}">
# Increase the maximum amount of option memory buffers</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1179,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1314}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1179,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1314}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1236,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1371}">
net.core.optmem_max = 51539607552</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1198,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1333}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1198,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1333}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1255,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1390}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1198,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1333}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1217,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1352}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1217,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1352}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1274,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1409}">
##############################################################3</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1236,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1371}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1236,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1371}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1293,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1428}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1236,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1371}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1255,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1390}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1255,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1390}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1312,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1447}">
# Do less swapping</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1274,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1409}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1274,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1409}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1331,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1466}">
vm.swappiness = 0</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1293,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1428}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1293,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1428}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1350,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1485}">
vm.dirty_ratio = 1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1312,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1447}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1312,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1447}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1369,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1504}">
vm.dirty_background_ratio = 1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1331,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1466}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1331,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1466}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1388,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1523}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1331,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1466}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1350,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1485}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1350,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1485}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1407,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1542}">
### GENERAL NETWORK SECURITY OPTIONS ###</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1369,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1504}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1369,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1504}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1426,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1561}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1369,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1504}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1388,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1523}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1388,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1523}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1445,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1580}">
# Allowed local port range</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1407,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1542}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1407,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1542}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1464,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1599}">
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1 65535 </div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1426,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1561}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1426,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1561}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1483,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1618}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1426,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1561}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1445,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1580}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1445,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1580}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1502,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1637}">
# Protect Against TCP Time-Wait</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1464,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1599}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1464,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1599}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1521,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1656}">
net.ipv4.tcp_rfc1337 = 1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1483,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1618}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1483,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1618}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1540,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1675}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1483,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1618}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1502,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1637}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1502,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1637}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1559,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1694}">
##############################################################3</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1521,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1656}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1521,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1656}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1578,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1713}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1521,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1656}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1540,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1675}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1540,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1675}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1597,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1732}">
### TUNING NETWORK PERFORMANCE ###</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1559,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1694}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1559,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1694}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1616,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1751}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1559,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1694}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1578,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1713}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1578,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1713}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1635,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1770}">
##############################################################3</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1597,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1732}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1597,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1732}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1654,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1789}">
# Functions previously found in netbase</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1616,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1751}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1616,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1751}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1673,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1808}">
#</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1635,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1770}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1635,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1770}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1692,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1827}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1635,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1770}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1654,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1789}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1654,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1789}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1711,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1846}">
# Uncomment the next two lines to enable Spoof protection (reverse-path filter)</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1673,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1808}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1673,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1808}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1730,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1865}">
# Turn on Source Address Verification in all interfaces to</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1692,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1827}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1692,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1827}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1749,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1884}">
# prevent some spoofing attacks</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1711,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1846}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1711,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1846}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1768,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1903}">
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1730,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1865}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1730,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1865}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1787,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1922}">
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1749,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1884}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1749,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1884}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1806,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1941}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1749,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1884}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1768,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1903}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1768,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1903}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1825,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1960}">
# Uncomment the next line to enable TCP/IP SYN cookies</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1787,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1922}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1787,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1922}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1844,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1979}">
# See http://lwn.net/Articles/277146/</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1806,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1941}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1806,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1941}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1863,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":1998}">
# Note: This may impact IPv6 TCP sessions too</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1825,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1960}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1825,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1960}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1882,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2017}">
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1844,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1979}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1844,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1979}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1901,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2036}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1844,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1979}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1863,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':1998}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1863,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':1998}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1920,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2055}">
# Uncomment the next line to enable packet forwarding for IPv4</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1882,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2017}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1882,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2017}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1939,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2074}">
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1901,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2036}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1901,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2036}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1958,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2093}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1901,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2036}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1920,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2055}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1920,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2055}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1977,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2112}">
# Uncomment the next line to enable packet forwarding for IPV4/IPv6</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1939,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2074}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1939,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2074}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":1996,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2131}">
# Enabling this option disables Stateless Address Autoconfiguration</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1958,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2093}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1958,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2093}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2015,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2150}">
# based on Router Advertisements for this host</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1977,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2112}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1977,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2112}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2034,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2169}">
net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1996,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2131}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':1996,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2131}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2053,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2188}">
net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2015,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2150}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2015,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2150}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2072,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2207}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2015,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2150}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2034,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2169}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2034,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2169}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2091,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2226}">
###################################################################</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2053,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2188}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2053,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2188}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2110,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2245}">
# Additional settings - these settings can improve the network</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2072,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2207}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2072,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2207}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2129,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2264}">
# security of the host and prevent against some network attacks</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2091,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2226}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2091,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2226}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2148,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2283}">
# including spoofing attacks and man in the middle attacks through</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2110,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2245}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2110,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2245}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2167,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2302}">
# redirection. Some network environments, however, require that these</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2129,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2264}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2129,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2264}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2186,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2321}">
# settings are disabled so review and enable them as needed.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2148,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2283}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2148,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2283}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2205,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2340}">
#</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2167,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2302}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2167,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2302}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2224,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2359}">
# Do not accept ICMP redirects (prevent MITM attacks)</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2186,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2321}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2186,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2321}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2243,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2378}">
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2205,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2340}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2205,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2340}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2262,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2397}">
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2224,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2359}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2224,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2359}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2281,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2416}">
# _or_</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2243,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2378}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2243,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2378}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2300,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2435}">
# Accept ICMP redirects only for gateways listed in our default</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2262,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2397}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2262,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2397}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2319,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2454}">
# gateway list (enabled by default)</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2281,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2416}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2281,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2416}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2338,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2473}">
# net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2300,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2435}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2300,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2435}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2357,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2492}">
#</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2319,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2454}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2319,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2454}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2376,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2511}">
# Do not send ICMP redirects (we are not a router)</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2338,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2473}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2338,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2473}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2395,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2530}">
net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2357,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2492}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2357,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2492}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2414,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2549}">
#</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2376,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2511}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2376,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2511}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2433,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2568}">
# Do not accept IP source route packets (we are not a router)</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2395,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2530}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2395,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2530}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2452,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2587}">
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2414,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2549}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2414,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2549}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2471,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2606}">
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2433,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2568}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2433,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2568}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2490,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2625}">
#</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2452,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2587}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2452,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2587}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2509,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2644}">
# Log Martian Packets</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2471,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2606}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2471,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2606}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2528,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2663}">
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2490,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2625}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2490,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2625}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2547,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2682}">
#</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2509,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2644}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2509,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2644}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2566,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2701}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2509,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2644}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2528,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2663}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2528,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2663}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2585,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2720}">
###################################################################</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2547,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2682}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2547,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2682}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2604,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2739}">
# Magic system request Key</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2566,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2701}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2566,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2701}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2623,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2758}">
# 0=disable, 1=enable all</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2585,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2720}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2585,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2720}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2642,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2777}">
# Debian kernels have this set to 0 (disable the key)</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2604,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2739}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2604,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2739}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2661,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2796}">
# See https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/sysrq.txt</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2623,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2758}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2623,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2758}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2680,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2815}">
# for what other values do</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2642,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2777}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2642,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2777}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2699,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2834}">
kernel.sysrq=0</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2661,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2796}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2661,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2796}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2718,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2853}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2661,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2796}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2680,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2815}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2680,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2815}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2737,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2872}">
###################################################################</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2699,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2834}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2699,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2834}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2756,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2891}">
# Protected links</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2718,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2853}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2718,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2853}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2775,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2910}">
#</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2737,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2872}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2737,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2872}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2794,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2929}">
# Protects against creating or following links under certain conditions</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2756,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2891}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2756,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2891}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2813,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2948}">
# Debian kernels have both set to 1 (restricted) </div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2775,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2910}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2775,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2910}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2832,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2967}">
# See https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/sysctl/fs.txt</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2794,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2929}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2794,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2929}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2851,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":2986}">
fs.protected_hardlinks=0</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2813,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2948}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2813,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2948}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2870,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3005}">
fs.protected_symlinks=0</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2813,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2948}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2832,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2967}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2889,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3024}">
# </div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2832,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2967}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2851,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':2986}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2908,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3043}">
###################################################################</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2851,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2986}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2870,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3005}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":2927,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3062}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2851,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':2986}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2889,'w':653,'h':46,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3024}" style="text-align: left;">
<span bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2889,'w':562,'h':46,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3024}" style="color: red;">Optimizing and Tuning R815-Server via Ultra/Low-Latency Configurations:</span></h3>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2954,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3089}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2973,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3108}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3030,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3165}">
0. tuned-adm profile latency-performance </div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2954,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3089}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2992,'w':653,'h':80,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3127}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3049,"w":653,"h":80,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3184}">
0.1 <span bis_size="{'x':46,'y':2992,'w':269,'h':20,'abs_x':512,'abs_y':3127}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 75.023px; top: 261.649px; transform: scaleX(1.00087);">for MF in `find /proc/irq -</span><span bis_size="{'x':316,'y':2992,'w':299,'h':20,'abs_x':782,'abs_y':3127}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 345.022px; top: 261.649px; transform: scaleX(1.00088);">name *smp_affinity` ; do awk -</span><span bis_size="{'x':615,'y':2992,'w':39,'h':20,'abs_x':1081,'abs_y':3127}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 645.017px; top: 261.649px; transform: scaleX(1.00066);">F, \ </span><span bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3012,'w':389,'h':40,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3147}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 75.0064px; top: 280.457px; transform: scaleX(1.00093);">'{for(i=1;i<NF;i++)printf("00000000,");printf("%8.8x\</span><span bis_size="{'x':155,'y':3032,'w':189,'h':20,'abs_x':621,'abs_y':3167}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 605.011px; top: 280.457px; transform: scaleX(1.00081);">n",and(0x00000001, </span><span bis_size="{'x':345,'y':3032,'w':219,'h':20,'abs_x':811,'abs_y':3167}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 75.0064px; top: 299.464px; transform: scaleX(1.00084);">strtonum("0x"$NF)))}' </span><span bis_size="{'x':565,'y':3032,'w':19,'h':20,'abs_x':1031,'abs_y':3167}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 295.006px; top: 299.464px; transform: scaleX(0.999326);">\ </span><span bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3032,'w':618,'h':40,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3167}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 75.604px; top: 318.272px; transform: scaleX(1.00079);">$MF > $MF ; done</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2954,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3089}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3072,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3207}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3129,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3264}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3072,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3207}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2954,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3089}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3091,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3226}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3148,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3283}">
1. find /sys/kernel/slab -name 'cpu_partial' -exec sh -c 'echo 0 > {}' \;</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2954,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3089}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3110,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3245}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3167,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3302}">
2. cset shield --cpu 1-63 --kthread=on </div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2954,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3089}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3129,'w':653,'h':20,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3264}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3186,"w":653,"h":20,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3321}">
3.<span bis_size="{'x':31,'y':3129,'w':189,'h':20,'abs_x':497,'abs_y':3264}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 75.0024px; top: 453.665px; transform: scaleX(1.00081);">0 cset proc --move </span><span bis_size="{'x':220,'y':3129,'w':89,'h':20,'abs_x':686,'abs_y':3264}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 265.006px; top: 453.665px; transform: scaleX(1.00062);">--pid=$$ </span><span bis_size="{'x':310,'y':3129,'w':99,'h':20,'abs_x':776,'abs_y':3264}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 355.011px; top: 453.665px; transform: scaleX(1.00066);">--threads </span><span bis_size="{'x':410,'y':3129,'w':119,'h':20,'abs_x':876,'abs_y':3264}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 455.01px; top: 453.665px; transform: scaleX(1.00073);">--toset=root</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2954,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3089}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3149,'w':653,'h':20,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3284}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3206,"w":653,"h":20,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3341}">
<span bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3149,'w':39,'h':20,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3284}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 455.01px; top: 453.665px; transform: scaleX(1.00073);">3.1 </span><span bis_size="{'x':55,'y':3149,'w':479,'h':20,'abs_x':521,'abs_y':3284}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 455.01px; top: 453.665px; transform: scaleX(1.00073);"><span bis_size="{'x':55,'y':3149,'w':169,'h':20,'abs_x':521,'abs_y':3284}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 75.0024px; top: 453.665px; transform: scaleX(1.00081);">cset proc --move </span><span bis_size="{'x':225,'y':3149,'w':89,'h':20,'abs_x':691,'abs_y':3284}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 265.006px; top: 453.665px; transform: scaleX(1.00062);">--pid=$$ </span><span bis_size="{'x':315,'y':3149,'w':99,'h':20,'abs_x':781,'abs_y':3284}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 355.011px; top: 453.665px; transform: scaleX(1.00066);">--threads </span><span bis_size="{'x':415,'y':3149,'w':119,'h':20,'abs_x':881,'abs_y':3284}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 455.01px; top: 453.665px; transform: scaleX(1.00073);">--toset=user</span> </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2973,'w':653,'h':20,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3108}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3169,'w':653,'h':20,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3304}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3226,"w":653,"h":20,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3361}">
. <span bis_size="{'x':36,'y':2973,'w':59,'h':20,'abs_x':182,'abs_y':3108}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 89.9962px; top: 637.853px; transform: scaleX(1.00057);">grub2-</span><span bis_size="{'x':96,'y':2973,'w':89,'h':20,'abs_x':242,'abs_y':3108}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 169.992px; top: 637.853px; transform: scaleX(1.00062);">mkconfig </span><span bis_size="{'x':186,'y':2973,'w':229,'h':20,'abs_x':332,'abs_y':3108}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 259.997px; top: 637.853px; transform: scaleX(1.00099);">-o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2993,'w':653,'h':20,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3128}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3189,'w':653,'h':20,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3324}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3246,"w":653,"h":20,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3381}">
<span bis_size="{'x':16,'y':2993,'w':19,'h':20,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3128}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 259.997px; top: 637.853px; transform: scaleX(1.00099);">or</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3013,'w':653,'h':20,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3148}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3209,'w':653,'h':20,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3344}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3266,"w":653,"h":20,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3401}">
<span bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3013,'w':19,'h':20,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3148}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 259.997px; top: 637.853px; transform: scaleX(1.00099);">.</span><span bis_size="{'x':35,'y':3013,'w':359,'h':20,'abs_x':181,'abs_y':3148}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 259.997px; top: 637.853px; transform: scaleX(1.00099);"><span bis_size="{'x':35,'y':3013,'w':49,'h':20,'abs_x':181,'abs_y':3148}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 89.9962px; top: 637.853px; transform: scaleX(1.00057);">grub-</span><span bis_size="{'x':85,'y':3013,'w':89,'h':20,'abs_x':231,'abs_y':3148}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 169.992px; top: 637.853px; transform: scaleX(1.00062);">mkconfig </span><span bis_size="{'x':175,'y':3013,'w':219,'h':20,'abs_x':321,'abs_y':3148}" style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 16.6px; left: 259.997px; top: 637.853px; transform: scaleX(1.00099);">-o /boot/grub/grub.cfg</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3128,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3263}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3229,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3364}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3286,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3421}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3128,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3263}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3147,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3282}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3248,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3383}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3305,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3440}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3147,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3282}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3166,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3301}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3267,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3402}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3324,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3459}">
<a bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3166,'w':421,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3301}" href="https://www.freesoftwareservers.com/display/FREES/Setup+Linux+for+HugePages+for+use+with+KVM+Guest">Setup Linux for HugePages for use with KVM Guest</a> </div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3185,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3320}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3286,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3421}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3343,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3478}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3185,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3320}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3204,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3339}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3305,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3440}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3362,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3497}">
<a bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3204,'w':194,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3339}" href="https://www.freesoftwareservers.com/display/FREES/Setup+Linux+for+HugePages+for+use+with+KVM+Guest#page-metadata-end">Skip to end of metadata</a> </div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3223,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3358}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3324,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3459}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3381,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3516}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3223,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3358}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3242,'w':653,'h':38,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3377}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3343,'w':653,'h':38,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3478}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3400,"w":653,"h":38,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3535}">
Created by <a bis_size="{'x':110,'y':3242,'w':173,'h':19,'abs_x':256,'abs_y':3377}" href="https://www.freesoftwareservers.com/display/~FreeSoftwareServers">FreeSoftwareServers</a>, last modified on <a bis_size="{'x':429,'y':3242,'w':109,'h':19,'abs_x':575,'abs_y':3377}" href="https://www.freesoftwareservers.com/pages/diffpagesbyversion.action?pageId=25264130&selectedPageVersions=2&selectedPageVersions=3">Mar 02, 2018</a> <a bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3242,'w':635,'h':38,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3377}" href="https://www.freesoftwareservers.com/display/FREES/Setup+Linux+for+HugePages+for+use+with+KVM+Guest#page-metadata-start">Go to start of metadata</a> </div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3280,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3415}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3381,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3516}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3438,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3573}">
dnf install -y libhugetlbfs-utils</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3299,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3434}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3400,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3535}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3457,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3592}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3299,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3434}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3318,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3453}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3419,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3554}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3476,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3611}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3318,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3453}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3337,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3472}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3438,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3573}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3495,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3630}">
This is the 'Magic file'</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3356,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3491}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3457,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3592}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3514,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3649}">
/etc/sysctl.conf</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3375,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3510}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3476,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3611}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3533,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3668}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3375,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3510}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3394,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3529}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3495,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3630}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3552,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3687}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3394,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3529}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3413,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3548}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3514,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3649}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3571,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3706}">
The goal is to make the output of this program "happy"</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3432,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3567}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3533,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3668}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3590,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3725}">
sudo hugeadm --set-recommended-shmmax</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3451,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3586}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3552,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3687}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3609,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3744}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3451,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3586}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3470,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3605}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3571,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3706}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3628,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3763}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3470,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3605}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3489,'w':653,'h':38,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3624}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3590,'w':653,'h':38,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3725}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3647,"w":653,"h":38,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3782}">
This sets changes in motion immediately, though a reboot is suggested once everything is configured.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3527,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3662}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3628,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3763}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3685,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3820}">
sysctl -p</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3546,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3681}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3647,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3782}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3704,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3839}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3546,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3681}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3565,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3700}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3666,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3801}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3723,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3858}">
<br bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3565,'w':0,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3700}" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3584,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3719}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3685,'w':653,'h':19,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3820}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3742,"w":653,"h":19,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3877}">
We will make changes by echoing options to sysctl.conf</div>
</div>
</div>
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3603,'w':653,'h':76,'abs_x':162,'abs_y':3738}">
<div bis_size="{'x':16,'y':3704,'w':653,'h':76,'abs_x':482,'abs_y':3839}">
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3761,"w":653,"h":76,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3896}">
echo "vm.hugetlb_shm_group = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.conf </div>
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3761,"w":653,"h":76,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3896}">
echo "vm.min_free_kbytes = 112640" >> /etc/sysctl.conf </div>
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3761,"w":653,"h":76,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3896}">
echo "vm.nr_hugepages = 8600" >> /etc/sysctl.conf </div>
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3761,"w":653,"h":76,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3896}">
echo "kernel.shmmax = 18035507200" >> /etc/sysctl.conf </div>
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3761,"w":653,"h":76,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3896}">
echo "vm.swappiness = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.conf </div>
<div bis_size="{"x":16,"y":3761,"w":653,"h":76,"abs_x":482,"abs_y":3896}">
</div>
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Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-20563696697167642302020-01-06T16:50:00.004-08:002020-01-07T06:58:37.691-08:00Ref: Alien Invasion Complete First Season MEGA-MOVIE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-87248209527660807522019-12-18T05:04:00.002-08:002020-10-18T14:55:17.646-07:00Xilinx FPGA XCVU19P PCIe Design<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<hr />
<h2>
<b><span style="color: red;">Xilinx FPGA XCVU19P PCIe Design </span></b></h2>
<h2>
<b><span style="color: red;">Xilinx Uleashes Worlds Largest FPGA:
<br />The Virtex Ultrascale+ VU19P 8.938-Million Logic Gates/Cells</span></b> </h2>
<hr />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBo8jO6nDqo7ZKJAFJ8SyZXzWbJ9dkuON1R0EIywqKR6-EMEfWADyTn3HE4L_eUoHKNzbI2-u-9-JlUDAEQof0e3PMCdCMXcyYCN_6tfhVzUdWQscun6FRJjWZw3j6ZtFf60IuaccBwSfD/s1600/VU19P%252BSize-Matters.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="750" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBo8jO6nDqo7ZKJAFJ8SyZXzWbJ9dkuON1R0EIywqKR6-EMEfWADyTn3HE4L_eUoHKNzbI2-u-9-JlUDAEQof0e3PMCdCMXcyYCN_6tfhVzUdWQscun6FRJjWZw3j6ZtFf60IuaccBwSfD/s640/VU19P%252BSize-Matters.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
Xilinx FPGA XCVU19P PCIe Design the Virtex UltraScale+ VU19P FPGA provides the highest logic capacity, interconnect, and external memory bandwidth available in an FPGA—9M system logic cells, 2,072 I/Os, and 80 high-speed transceivers.<br />
<br />
The Virtex UltraScale+ VU19P FPGA is built for the most bandwidth, logic, and interconnect intensive workloads.<br />
<br />
While this FPGA is tuned for ASIC/SoC emulation and prototyping, test and measurement, it is also suited for applications such as compute, networking, and aerospace & defense.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVoa0veziG0yVMTylcgKCRtcnEeC3WiKGYnhdFNABYGdstal1pUMcpEviJrJd0gOOIXKQctX3xI3D1ZKMmEHVTb1LaW6BZIaiiJRxbuUfvLoNSk3In-tOyuAzK5-0U3U1g_txw3DilXI32/s1600/VU19P%252BUS-quarter-change.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="400" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVoa0veziG0yVMTylcgKCRtcnEeC3WiKGYnhdFNABYGdstal1pUMcpEviJrJd0gOOIXKQctX3xI3D1ZKMmEHVTb1LaW6BZIaiiJRxbuUfvLoNSk3In-tOyuAzK5-0U3U1g_txw3DilXI32/s640/VU19P%252BUS-quarter-change.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
This is Xilinx's 3rd generation of the highest capacity FPGA. Through a combination of third-generation stacked silicon interconnect (SSI) technology and co-optimized with the VIvado® Design Suite, Virtex UltraScale+ VU19P FPGA offers a mature, comprehensive solution to enable tomorrow's most complex ASIC and SoC technologies.<br />
<br />
Xilinx introduces the Virtex® UltraScale+™ VU19P, the world’s largest FPGA, to enable prototyping and emulation of the most advanced ASIC and SoC technologies, as well as the development of complex algorithms.<br />
<br />
The VU19P FPGA provides the highest logic density and I/O count on a single device ever built, addressing new classes of demands in the evolving technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1o7snGPiGKXzbHqOgClZ1XMb_Xb4TSe7TCapb9FsrApRWC9PD4iDl3FKpZR60ERqMkH52aF4-pw5TyEwqvsGcy3LGttWW7dZ2Ld8NcHfF4i9ZEOtQave2s-ArR3H0id0fXVrTDgxIL0KA/s1600/XVU19P_HAND-front.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="678" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1o7snGPiGKXzbHqOgClZ1XMb_Xb4TSe7TCapb9FsrApRWC9PD4iDl3FKpZR60ERqMkH52aF4-pw5TyEwqvsGcy3LGttWW7dZ2Ld8NcHfF4i9ZEOtQave2s-ArR3H0id0fXVrTDgxIL0KA/s640/XVU19P_HAND-front.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="review_blog">
<div class="blog_top_left">
<br />
<br />
We do not often cover the FPGA market commerce, but here at CryptoUranus, in the past couple of years we have seen the array of features that
FPGAs are implementing expand at an incredible rate. <br />
<br />
The Chinese company Xilinx has been at
some of the forefront of those innovations years ahead of the entire worldwide FPGA technology, with products such as Versal
on 7nm and its Alveo family.<br />
<br />
Xilinx’s business profile is
emulation, simulation, and implementation directed at their advanced miltary applications and the less advanced technology grouped into civilian enterprise applications here XCVU19P FPGA chip.<br />
<br />
This requires Xilinx to produce more advanced FPGAs to fit large
designs onto - and the company recently lifted the lid on its latest
creation, the Virtex Ultrascale+ VU19P.<br />
<br />
This new FPGA, when it comes to
market, will hold the title of the World’s Largest FPGA, and again pushing United States of America technology designs years behind Xilinx even further; shocking in the least. </div>
</div>
<div class="sidepadding review">
<div class="articleContent">
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: red;">
Large FPGAs are Big Business</span></h3>
The FPGA defined is a "Field Programmable Gate Array", and this is a chip on a breadboard with other hardware that allows circuit designers to create more advanced forming hardware.<br />
<br />
An FPGA is the most programmable hardware on earth to date that a
user can design any integrated circuit imaginable onto the FPGA board, debug it, tweeak out errata flaws before the design goes
to market.<br />
<br />
Chinese engineers can avoid design flaws and make technology that works with far less flaws.<br />
<br />
The FPGA's avoids get rough
estimates on performance and accuracy before assembly lines create products to avoid hardware recalls and-or money consuming redesigns and-or upgrades costing the entire industry over-spending.<br />
<br />
One of the biggest FPGA
today on Xilinx’s 22nm-based production line is the Virtex Ultrascale+ 440, an engineer can
simulate over 10 concurrent Arm Cortex A9 cores within the FPGA for testing purposes as most FPGA are used for.<br />
<br />
With this new advanced UltraScale+
VU19P, that same engineer can simulate over 16 of the same cores, due to the
1.6x increase in logic gates.<br />
<br />
FPGAs act as a base for the latest
designs and technologies to test and simulate before production, with specific IO logic that can be built into
current and future communication technologies.<br />
<br />
The design of an FPGA makes
it more engineer friendly and configurable than a any CPU, GPU, and assorted other programmable IC chips.<br />
<br />
Within this perspective the FPGA configuration can then be
taken onto fabrication assembly and made into an optimized chip for better performance
and density before ever solidified into an actual physical product.<br />
<br />
Ultimately in order to design a CPU, you need an FPGA.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3xlC4u6_8dv58jOnyHrroVOyKdMg8Lazp5KEqI_HAPgxUqGRn84peRQm2-4JRzFNyLTyzF3KI4XISw2I3Uhtm9S8miA5VGpbQTo_tJsA-KnoATinaOj3xGvMzPQO_NYibklvy_dX8GCh1/s1600/XVU19P_HAND_Back.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="678" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3xlC4u6_8dv58jOnyHrroVOyKdMg8Lazp5KEqI_HAPgxUqGRn84peRQm2-4JRzFNyLTyzF3KI4XISw2I3Uhtm9S8miA5VGpbQTo_tJsA-KnoATinaOj3xGvMzPQO_NYibklvy_dX8GCh1/s640/XVU19P_HAND_Back.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
In this announcement, Xilinx has explained to a huge audience that a sizeable part of its
business is catering to this simulation and emulation market.<br />
<br />
This FPGA IC is used by chip vendors globally more the Intel designs do to U.S. wasteful inefficient industrial spending costs.<br />
<br />
Xilinx, the venture creating larger chips gave them the engineering carnered market creating the VU19P placing them, again, ahead of all U.S. technology groups.<br />
<br />
The VU19P is actually built as four segments then placed on a
die, however the chip acts as one seemless large piece of silicon,
totaling 35 billion transistors.<br />
<br />
The Xilinx VU19P along with the 8.938m logic gates, there is
also over 2000 IO segments for 4.5 Terabits of transceiver bandwidth
(80 lanes of 28G) and 1.5 Terabits of DDR4 memory bandwidth leaving the United States in the dust again, sadly enough.<br />
<br />
Xilinx company states that it will help its customers create designs featuring multiple
VU19P chip sales into the global industry in one single system with all-to-all connectivity topology unlike no other company will on earth. <br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd57nRayS7SaNVMDXxcAE2a7AhLCbjMFFTgpAhZjJbLWj5jcVhmOczwUL2tCEXP8IIw7Sg1br9nsDZP1T5oyypDolwZe35Z2-756AktB9RzfMFp1LgqJhoAl6y0dE8jXX8meUz75kCxOru/s1600/XVU19P_Documents.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="678" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd57nRayS7SaNVMDXxcAE2a7AhLCbjMFFTgpAhZjJbLWj5jcVhmOczwUL2tCEXP8IIw7Sg1br9nsDZP1T5oyypDolwZe35Z2-756AktB9RzfMFp1LgqJhoAl6y0dE8jXX8meUz75kCxOru/s640/XVU19P_Documents.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
In PCIe card form the VU19P can be built as either a PCIe 3.0 x16 or
PCIe 4.0 x8 device, and also as a separate chip it can be used in a 65x65
package with a BGA3825 connection with the potential for CCIX
connectivity.<br />
<br />
The CVU19P hardware features include 8.2m CLB Flip-Flops, 4.1m
CLB LUTs, 90 Mb of high-speed UltraRAM, 40 Clock Management Tiles (CMTs), and 3840
DSP slices.<br />
<br />
Some of those numbers are quite a bit smaller than the
UltraScale+ VU13P, which has only 4m logic gates, but this is due to the
balancing of resources which Xilinx states will favor the simulation
and emulation market.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="center">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjhx7jmJOYRH14bjuhQamSzSP2gBd1qn5fmAxEyL3xnVQXaNU7Sol8pPwJvrKb6K5Gvl3KQ8NLmJW9fmZj0_3XuDRP8lVNBIBDs6YFkw2vUYY5TSrT4MGwm1gPfqA28a_2PXxM3gwuei3m/s1600/XVU19P_Specchart.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1207" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjhx7jmJOYRH14bjuhQamSzSP2gBd1qn5fmAxEyL3xnVQXaNU7Sol8pPwJvrKb6K5Gvl3KQ8NLmJW9fmZj0_3XuDRP8lVNBIBDs6YFkw2vUYY5TSrT4MGwm1gPfqA28a_2PXxM3gwuei3m/s640/XVU19P_Specchart.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
With the VU19P, the Xilinx company will also make enhancements to its
Vivado Design Suite software to assist with co-optimization of the new
chip design in their leading global place.<br />
<br />
Xilinx is set to bring the VU19P to market in the fall of 2020
(~Q3), and will be ready to start sampling key partners in the first
half of 2020.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikHle8wmAoF-Ny1Kwca3CJgezzTkFeN9tyIAyIl1E2xnfen13iGplOl0gom8iY_h8iyw65IWiMpr-QoRaBZ80KL6yWJgM12K-2hz8zANXlsBPFJ064-lqphzosvk65NXe68LHHhHilfA4v/s1600/XVU19P_side-view.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="130" data-original-width="678" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikHle8wmAoF-Ny1Kwca3CJgezzTkFeN9tyIAyIl1E2xnfen13iGplOl0gom8iY_h8iyw65IWiMpr-QoRaBZ80KL6yWJgM12K-2hz8zANXlsBPFJ064-lqphzosvk65NXe68LHHhHilfA4v/s640/XVU19P_side-view.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
I found a chip. It's <a href="https://twitter.com/XilinxInc?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@XilinxInc</a>'s new 'biggest FPGA ever', the Virtex Ultrascale+ VU19P with over 9 million logic cells, 35 billion transistors, and 80 x 28G IO.<br />
Built on TSMC 16FF+, coming in Q3 2020.<br />
<br />
<br />
<hr />
</div>
Crypto Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01733134900336140635noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6189485987611719687.post-19007958750240122472019-10-16T10:10:00.001-07:002021-01-31T23:42:13.865-08:00FPGA Acronym Glossary<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span face="sans-serif" style="color: #970035; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">FPGA Acronym Glossary / </span><span style="color: #970035; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0pt;">ISE<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcXP1itr_7z5rKNPKOkqgnv0eWaCU58Aa-tdowkw0P2iRrJV247P70npa95cMq2F5zcx3c_-DOsAx4xw9R8dDdH0s9tKho7bDlGLXHDQBrmU7PbH22q7QRHXj8tVl0GS2iyCdaany1BpF1/s600/FPGA_Acronym_Glossary-ISE_feat-600x450.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcXP1itr_7z5rKNPKOkqgnv0eWaCU58Aa-tdowkw0P2iRrJV247P70npa95cMq2F5zcx3c_-DOsAx4xw9R8dDdH0s9tKho7bDlGLXHDQBrmU7PbH22q7QRHXj8tVl0GS2iyCdaany1BpF1/w640-h480/FPGA_Acronym_Glossary-ISE_feat-600x450.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /></span></div>
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Glossary</div>
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<a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_A38_13" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">A</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_B38_14" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">B</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_C38_15" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">C</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_D38_16" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">D</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_E38_17" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">E</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_F38_18" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">F</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_G38_19" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">G</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_H38_20" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">H</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_I38_21" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">I</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_J38_22" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">J</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_K38_23" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">K</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_L38_24" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">L</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_M38_25" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">M</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_N38_26" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">N</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_O38_27" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">O</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_P38_28" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">P</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_R38_29" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">R</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_S38_30" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">S</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_T38_31" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">T</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_U38_32" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">U</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_V38_33" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">V</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_W38_34" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">W</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_X38_35" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">X</a> <a href="https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/gls_r_glossary.htm#gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_Y38_36" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0pt;">Y</a></div>
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<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">accumulator</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A register for adding, subtracting, or both.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">adder</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A combinatorial circuit that computes the sum of two or more
numbers.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">address</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The identification of a storage location, such as a register
or a memory cell.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">ampere</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A measure of electrical flow or current.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">analog</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Analog refers to a continuous numeric scale, as opposed to
the digital scale of discrete values.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">annotation</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The insertion of simulation values into the schematic.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">antifuse</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A device in which connections are permanently programmed by
burning out a fuse.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">API</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Applications Programming Interface. A set of software libraries,
developed by a particular software vendor, that allows third party
software programs to interface with programs from that vendor.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">architecture</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The common logic structure of a family of programmable integrated
circuits. The same architecture can be realized in different manufacturing
processes. Examples of Xilinx architectures are the Virtex®,Spartan®-II,
and CoolRunner™-II devices.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Architecture Wizard</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A graphical application that allows you to customize Digital
Clock Manager (DCM) and Rocket I/O? transceivers. It generates HDL
files for all supported synthesis tools. It also allows jitter calculation
for DCMs and channel bonding for Rocket I/O transceivers. This application
is available from the Project Navigator.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">area-and-speed calculator</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A process that provides information about the area versus speed
trade-offs for a design. The synthesis tools use this information
to estimate the trade-offs accurately. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">area constraints</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Area constraints are created by the user or a process such
as synthesis to direct the optimization process that takes place during
design implementation. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">arithmetic equations</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Equations which specify the special arithmetic capabilities
of the Xilinx CPLDs. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A logic function that performs arithmetic computations, such
as addition, multiplication, and comparison operations. The ALU is
one component of the central processing unit (CPU). </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">ASIC</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is either
a full-custom circuit in which every mask is defined by the user or
a semi-custom circuit (gate array) where only a few masks are defined.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">assertion</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A warning that is activated when a mismatch in the simulated and
expected value occurs. User defined and automatic assertions are supported.</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">asynchronous debugging</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A debugging mode in which you capture data without controlling
your system clock.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">asynchronous logic</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Logic which changes state independently of clock changes. </div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A signal whose intended function is performed immediately when
the signal is asserted without regard to a clock.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">asynchronous register</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A register whose state changes independently from the clock.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A method of transmitting voice, data, and video in fixed-size
packets over high-speed telecommunications channels.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">attributes</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Instructions placed on symbols or nets in an FPGA or CPLD schematic
to indicate their placement, implementation, naming, directionality,
or other properties.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.3" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_B38_14" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- B -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">back-annotation</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Translation of a routed or fitted design to a timing simulation
netlist. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">bandwidth</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A measure of a circuit’s ability to carry or process information.
More or greater bandwidth means more carrying capacity or greater
processing power, usually achieved at greater cost.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">baud rate</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The rate of data transmission in bits per second.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">behavior</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A set of sequential statements specified within a process statement.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">behavioral design</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A technology-independent, text-based design that incorporates
high-level functionality and high-level information flow. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">behavioral design method</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A method of defining a circuit in terms of a textual language
rather than a schematic of interconnected symbols. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">behavioral simulation</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Also known as functional simulation. Behavioral simulation
is usually performed on designs that are entered using a hardware
description language (HDL). </div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
This type of simulation takes
place during the pre-synthesis stage of HDL design. Functional simulation
checks that the HDL code describes the desired design behavior.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Behavioral simulation is a simulation process that is performed
by interpreting the equations that define the design. The equations
do not need to be converted to the logic that represents them.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">BEL</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Basic Element of Logic (BEL). Examples of BELs are flip-flops,
MUXes, LUTs. Typically a BEL (but not always) corresponds 1:1 with
an instance in the logical / structural (post synthesis) view of the
design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">binary</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A numbering system based on base 2 with only two digits, 0
and 1. Unsigned binary refers to non-negative binary representation.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">binary counter</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A counter implemented in base 2. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">binary encoding</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Binary or maximal encoding is a type of state machine encoding
that uses the minimum number of registers to encode the machine. Each
register is used to its maximum capability. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">bit</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A binary digit representing 0 or 1.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">BitGen</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Is a program that produces a bitstream for Xilinx device configuration.
BitGen takes a fully routed circuit description (NCD) file as its
input and produces a configuration bitstream, a binary file with a
.bit extension. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">bitstream</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A bitstream is a stream of data that contains location information
for logic on a device, that is, the placement of configurable logic
blocks (CLBs), input/output blocks (IOBs), tristate buffer (TBUFs),
pins, and routing elements. The bitstream also includes empty placeholders
that are filled with the logical states sent by the device during
a readback. Only the memory elements, such as flip-flops, RAMs, and
CLB outputs, are mapped to these placeholders, because their contents
are likely to change from one state to another. When downloaded to
a device, a bitstream configures the logic of a device and programs
the device so that the states of that device can be read back. A bitstream
file has a .bit extension. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">BIT file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A BIT file is the same as a bitstream file. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">block</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div>
<ol>
<li> A group of one or more logic functions.</li>
<li> A schematic or symbol sheet. There are four types of blocks:<div>
<ul>
<li> A Composite block indicates that the design is hierarchical. A
composite block is a symbol representing an underlying schematic or
netlist.</li>
<li> A Module block is a symbol with no underlying schematic. A module
block is also referred to as a primitive.</li>
<li> A Pin block represents a schematic pin.</li>
<li> An Annotate block is a symbol without electrical connectivity
that is used only for documentation and graphics.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">block RAM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A block of random access memory built into a device, as distinguished
from distributed, LUT based random access memory.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">BMM file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A BMM file is a block RAM memory map file. It is in ASCII format
and describes the organization of block RAM memory. The BMM file is
used in PowerPC and MicroBlaze designs. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">bonded</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Connected by a wire.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">bottom-up design</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An HDL design methodology where already defined HDL blocks
are merged into one overall desired design behavior.The lowest level
portion of your design is completed first. Only after the low-level
building blocks are complete do you finish higher-level hierarchical
blocks in your design. This methodology is typically used with schematic
capture programs.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">boundary scan</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A method used for board-level testing of electronic assemblies.
The primary objectives are the testing of chip I/O signals and the
interconnections between ICs.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
It is the method for observing
and controlling all new chip I/O signals through a standard interface
called a Test Access Port (TAP). The boundary scan architecture includes
four dedicated I/O pins for control and is described in IEEE spec
1149.1.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">bounds</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The range of a LogiBLOX bus defined by the left and right indices
of the bits on that bus. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">breakpoint</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A condition for which a simulator must stop to perform simulation
commands.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">buffer</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An element used to increase the current or drive of a weak
signal and, consequently, increase the fanout of the signal. A storage
element.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">BUFT</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A tristate buffer. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">bus</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A group of two or more signals that carry closely-associated
signals in an electronic design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">byte-wide PROM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A programmable read-only memory (PROM) which supplies data
one byte at a time.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">byte</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A binary word consisting of eight bits. When used to store
a number value, a byte can represent a number from 0 to 255.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.4" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_C38_15" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- C -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">CAE</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Computer Aided Engineering. The original term for electronic
design automation (EDA). Now, often refers to the sofware tools used
to develop the manufacturing tooling for the production of electronic
system such as for the panelization of circuit boards.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">CAE tool</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Computer-Aided Engineering tool (CAE). Usually refers to
programs such as Innoveda, Cadence, or Mentor Graphics that are used
to perform design entry and design verification. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">capacitance</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A property that measures the storage of electrically separated
charges.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The load on a net. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">carry-logic modes</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The forty-three specific carry-logic functions, such as decrement
and increment, available in each CLB configuration.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">carry</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A quantity that is transferred in addition and subtraction
from one number to the next one of higher place value.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">carry logic</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Logic which is designed to speed-up and reduce the area of
counters, adders, incrementers, decrementers, comparators, and subtractors.
It is a special interconnect that speeds up the carry path of adders
and counters from one CLB to another. This dedicated carry line runs
along each column of CLBs as well as the top and bottom CLBs.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">carry look-ahead</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A mechanism that enables the carries to be simultaneously applied
to the sum bits in a parallel adder. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">carry path</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The computation of the carries in addition or subtraction from
one CLB to another. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">carry propagation time</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The time it takes for a carry signal to traverse through the
levels of component gates.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">cascade</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A circuit which connects the inputs of a module to the outputs
of another.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">cell</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A hierarchical description of an FPGA device. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">checksum</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A summation of bits or digits generated according to an arbitrary
formula used for checking data integrity. To verify that the data
represented by a checksum number has been entered correctly, verify
that the checksum number generated after processing is the same as
the initial number. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">chip</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Another term for an integrated circuit (IC).</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">CLB</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Configurable logic block. The basic FPGA cell. A CLB includes
function generators (lookup tables, or LUTs), registers (flip-flops
or latches), and reprogrammable routing controls (multiplexers).</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
CLBs implement macros and other designed functions. They provide
the physical support for an implemented and downloaded design. CLBs
have inputs on each side, and this versatility makes them flexible
for the mapping and partitioning of logic.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">clear preset</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A synchronous reset.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">clock-to-pad path (C2P)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A path which starts at the Q output of a flip-flop or latch
and ends at an output of the chip. It includes the clock-to-Q delay
of the flip-flop and the path delay from that flip-flop to the chip
output. The clock-to-pad path time is the maximum time required for
the data to leave the source flip-flop, travel through logic and routing,
and arrive at the output before the next clock edge occurs.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">clock-to-setup path (C2S)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A path which starts at the Q output of a flip-flop or latch
and ends at an input to another flip-flop, latch, or RAM, where that
pin has a setup requirement before a clocking signal. It includes
the clock-to-Q delay of a flip-flop, the path delay from that flip-flop
to the next flip-flop, and the setup requirement of the next flip-flop.
The clock-to-setup path time is the maximum time required for the
data to propagate through the source flip-flop, travel through the
logic and routing, and arrive at the destination before the next clock
edge occurs.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">clock</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A signal that represents the time that a wave stays at a High
or Low state. The rising and falling edges of a clock square wave
trigger the activity of the circuits. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">clock buffer</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A circuit element used to increase the current or drive of
a weak clock signal and consequently increase its fanout.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">clock enable</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A binary signal that allows or disallows synchronous logic
to change with a clock signal. When enabled, this control signal permits
a device to be clocked and to become active. There are four different
states. The two active High states are CE 0 disabled and CE 1 enabled.
The two active Low states are CE 0 enabled and CE 1 disabled. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">clock input path </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A path which starts at either an input of the chip or at the
output of a flip-flop, latch, or RAM and ends at any clock pin on
a flip-flop or latch enable. The clock input path time is the maximum
time required for the signal to arrive at the flip-flop clock input.
Clock input paths help to determine system-level design timing.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">clock period</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The time required for a periodic waveform to repeat itself.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">clock skew</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The time differential between two or more destination pins
in a path.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">CMOS</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. An advanced IC manufacturing
process technology characterized by high integration, low cost, low
power, and high performance. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">CMOS transistors</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
CMOS transistors are used in pips (Programmable Interconnect
Points) and switching matrices. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">combinatorial input</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Combinatorial input is the combination of a pad primitive and
a function primitive.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">combinatorial logic</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Logic that has no storage capacity, that is, not controlled
by a clock (asynchronous). For example, logic gates.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">command file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
In simulation, a command file is a file containing a list of
commands that assign vectors, generate input waveforms and clocks,
and display signals. It is submitted for execution during simulation.
You can create a command file with a text editor or from a set of
input waveforms. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">comp</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Comps are comprised of BELs. A slice is one example of a comp.
The comp is the unit of granularity for placement and routing in the
FPGA Editor. Also the comp is the level at which device timing is
characterized.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">compiler</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A language interpreter. The Synopsys compiler interprets HDL
and makes concurrent process implementations for target architectures. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">complexity</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The number of gates on a device. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">component</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A logical configuration that will, at some point, go into a
physical site. Examples of components are CLBs, IOBs, tristate buffers,
pull-up resistors, and oscillators.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">component interface</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A description of how a Mentor Graphics component interfaces
with upper-level hierarchy. A port description with a model registry,
roughly equivalent to an entity port listing (along with architecture
declarations) in VHDL.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">component interface browser (CIB)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A program that allows a designer to view and edit a component
interface. In most cases, this is done to add or remove models from
a component’s model registry.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">concurrent statements</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The order of these statements is not important in architecture
body.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">configuration</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of loading design-specific bitstreams into one
or more devices to define the functional operation of the logical
blocks, their interconnections, and the chip I/O. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">configuration file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A configuration file is a file that contains the bitstream
used to program an FPGA device or PROM. The format of that file can
be binary (.bit) or ASCII format file (.mcs or .rst).</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">configuration modes</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Configuration modes are the modes available on the Xilinx configuration
cables. They include JTAG, SelectMAP and Slave Serial.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">configuration pins</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Pins that are used to load design-specific programming data
into one or more logic blocks to define the functional operation of
a device’s internal blocks and interconnections.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">console log</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A record of the commands that you invoked during a session.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">constraints</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Specifications for the implementation process. There are several
categories of constraints: routing, timing, area, mapping, and placement
constraints. </div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Using attributes, you can force the placement
of logic (macros) in CLBs, the location of CLBs on the chip, and the
maximum delay between flip-flops. PAR does not attempt to change the
location of constrained logic.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Constraints Editor</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Xilinx® software that allows you to enter timing constraints
and pin location constraints. The user interface simplifies constraint
entry by guiding you through constraint creation without your needing
to understand UCF file syntax.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">constraints file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A file which specifies constraints (location and path delay)
information in a textual form. An alternate method is to place constraints
on a schematic.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">contention</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The state in which multiple conflicting outputs drive the same
net.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">CORE Generator</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Xilinx® software tool that delivers parameterized COREs optimized
for Xilinx FPGAs. The tool provides a catalog of ready-made functions
ranging in complexity from simple arithmetic operators such as adders,
accumulators, and multipliers, to system-level building blocks such
as filters, transforms, FIFOs, and memories.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">counter</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A circuit, composed of registers, that counts pulses, often
reacting or causing a reaction to a predetermined pulse or series
of pulses. Also called a divider, sometimes accumulator.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">CPLD</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD). A single-chip logic
solution. Xilinx® CPLD families include XC9500, XC9500XL, XC9500XV,
CoolRunner XPLA3, and CoolRunner-II devices.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">critical path</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A signal in a section of combinatorial logic that limits the
speed of the logic. Storage elements begin and end a critical path,
which may include I/O pads.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">cross probing</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Interprocess communication between software tools. </div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.5" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_D38_16" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- D -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">daisy chain</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A series of bitstream files concatenated in one file. It can
be used to program several FPGAs connected in a daisy chain board
configuration.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">dangling bus</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A bus which connects to a component pin or net at one end and
unconnects at the other. A small filled box at the end of the bus
indicates a dangling bus. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">dangling net</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A net which connects to a component pin or net at one end and
unconnects at the other. A small filled box at the end of the net
indicates a dangling net. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Data2Mem</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
This Xilinx® program conveniently incorporates CPU software
images into FPGA bitstreams, and executes that software from block
RAM-built address space.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">dataflow modeling</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The use of concurrent signal assignment statements.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">DCM </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Digital Clock Manager. A design element which provides multiple
functions. It can implement a clock delay locked loop, a digital frequency
synthesizer, digital phase shifter, and a digital spread spectrum.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">debugging</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of reading back or probing the states of a configured
device to ensure that the device is behaving as expected while in
circuit.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">declared signal</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
These signals are not input or output signals. They are internal
signal within the device.</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">decoder</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A circuit that translates <span style="font-style: italic; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">n</span> input lines
of binary information into 2<span style="font-style: italic; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">n</span> output lines. It
is the opposite of an encoder.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Delay Locked Loop (DLL)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A digital circuit used to perform clock management functions
on and off-chip. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">density</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The number of gates on a device. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">design implementation</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A design implementation is a design implementation specification
as opposed to the functional specification of the design. The implementation
specification refers to the actual implementation of the design from
low-level components expressed in bits. The functional specification
refers to the definition of the design or circuit function.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">design methodologies</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The techniques used to enter a design, either behavioral or
schematic entry.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">design rule check</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Design Rule Check (DRC) is a series of tests to discover
logical and physical errors in the design. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">design specification</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The top-level of a design used to define its function. The
specifications function is created in terms of behavioral or structural
primitives. The two methods of entering a design are graphical descriptions
(schematics) and textual descriptions (HDL). </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">destination</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A sink node or stopping point for a timing analysispath, the
data input of a synchronous element or a pad.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">device</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A device is an integrated circuit or other solid-state circuit
formed in semiconducting materials during manufacturing. Each Xilinx® architecture
family contains specific devices, such as xc2vp2 and xc2s50. A complete Xilinx part
number includes architecture (for example, Virtex®-II Pro), device (for
example, xc2vp2), package (for example, cs144), and speed (for example,
-6). </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">device model</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A VHDL description of the internal and external views of a
digital device, including the structure and the communication interface
of the device with its environment.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">differential pairs</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Differential pairs are identical to LVDS (Low Voltage Differential
Signals) and LVPECL signals. Some devices incorporate differential
signaling. Two pins are utilized for these signals to be connected
to the device. These are known as differential pin pairs. Each differential
pin pair has a positive (P) and a negative (N) pin. I/O pins for differential
signals can either be synchronous or asynchronous, input or output.
The pin pairs can be used for synchronous input and output signals
as well as asynchronous input signals. However, only some of the differential
pairs can be used for asynchronous output signals. Differential signals
require the pins of a pair to switch almost simultaneously. If the
signals driving the pins are from IOB flip-flops, they are synchronous.
If the signals driving the pins are from internal logic, they are
asynchronous.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">digital</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Digital refers to the representation of information by code
of discrete elements, as opposed to the continuous scale of analog
representation.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">DIN pin</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An FPGA pin that loads a bitstream in serial mode. On the XChecker
cable, it provides the bitstream data and connects to the DIN pin
of the target FPGA.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">direct interconnect</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A net that aligns the carry with the CLB rows and columns,
propagating and connecting the carry to the flip-flops of a counter.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">distributed RAM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
RAM (Random Access Memory) that is distributed throughout the
programmable logic in the CLBs. Distributed RAM can be used to change
the address values (161) of the function generator (lookup table,
or LUT) that it is a part of. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">distributed ROM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
ROM (Read Only Memory) that is distributed throughout the programmable
logic in the CLBs.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">don’t-care</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The value of a variable when the value of that variable has
no effect on the output. Don’t-care values are represented by an X
in truth tables.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">double-length line</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An interconnect line that is switched only every other switch
matrix.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">downloading</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Downloading is the process of configuring or programming a
device by sending data to the device. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">drawn width</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The machine-calibrated gate width.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">DRC</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Design Rule Checker. A program that checks the (NCD) file for
design implementations for errors.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">DSP</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Digital Signal Processing. A powerful and flexible technique
of processing analog (linear) signals in digital form used in CoreGen.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">duty cycle</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
In digital electronics, this term describes the percentage
that a digital signal is High during one cycle. For example, a 60%
duty cycle means that the voltage is High (logical 1) for 60% of the
cycle which means that the voltage is Low for 40% of the cycle.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.6" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_E38_17" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- E -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">EDA</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Electronic Design Automation. A generic name for all methods
of entering and processing digital and analog designs for further
processing, simulation, and implementation.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">edge decoder</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A decoder whose placement is constrained to precise positions
within a side of the FPGA device.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">EDIF</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Electronic Data Interchange Format. An industry standard file
format for specifying a design netlist.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">editor</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A tool that allows you to view or modify an ASCII file. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">effective width</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The actual gate width after diffusion.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">effort level</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Effort level refers to how hard the Xilinx Design System (XDS)
tries to place a design. The effort level settings are as follows:</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> High, which provides the highest quality placement but requires
the longest execution time. Use high effort on designs that do not
route or do not meet your performance requirements.</li>
<li> Medium, provides a trade-off between execution time and high quality
placement for most designs.</li>
<li> Standard, which is the default effort level, provides a lower
quality placement but requires the shortest execution time.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">enable input</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A binary input that controls whether an output is enabled or
disabled. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">encoded state machine</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A state machine which requires that you define the value of
the state register for each state in the state table. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">encoder</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A symbol that translates 2<span style="font-style: italic; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">n</span> input lines
of binary information into <span style="font-style: italic; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">n</span> output lines. It
is the opposite of a decoder.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">encoding</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The data encoding scheme used for a design. The bit, unsigned
binary, two’s complement, and one-hot encodings are supported by X-BLOX.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">end point</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A node which acts as either the driver to begin a path or a
load to end a path.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">entity</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A set of interconnected components.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">EPROM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An erasable PROM, which can be reprogrammed many times. Previous
programs are simply erased by exposing the chip to ultra-violet light.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An EEPROM, or electrically erasable PROM, is another variety
of EPROM that can be erased electrically.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">equations files</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Files that are used in behavioral designs. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">equation splitting</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An automatic process performed by CPLDs to divide large behavioral
equations into smaller functions that will fit within the available
device macrocell resources. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">EXORmacs</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
EXORmacs is a MotorolaPROM format supported by the Xilinx tools.
Its maximum address is 16 777 216. This format supports PROM files
of up to (8 x 16 777 216) = 134 217 728 bits.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">external clock</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The external clock is the system clock that is used from the
target board during synchronous mode debugging. To use an external
clock, connect the system clock to the CLKI pin and connect the download
cable CLKO pin to the system clock loads. </div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.7" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_F38_18" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- F -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">fabless semiconductor companies</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A class of semiconductor companies that design, test, market,
and sell ICs, but subcontract wafer manufacturing by forming alliances
with silicon wafer manufacturers.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">fanin</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The number of parallel inputs a chip can absorb. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">fanout</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The maximum number of specified unit loads that a specified
output can drive. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">FastCLK</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A clock signal that uses the dedicated FastCLK wiring of the
device, and not the universal interconnect matrix (UIM). </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">FastInput</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An input to the device that connects directly to the function
block inputs, bypassing the universal interconnect matrix (UIM).</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">fast carry</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Arithmetic carry functions that use the dedicated fast carry
chain that interconnects macrocells (CPLDs) or CLBs (FPGAs). These
signals do not pass through the universal interconnect matrix universal
interconnect matrix (UIM). </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">fast function block (FFB)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A group of macrocells in a CPLD that can process very high-speed
logic.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">fast output enable (FOE)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A tristate control signal that uses the dedicated FOE wiring
of the device, not the universal interconnect matrix (UIM) wiring.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">FIFO</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A serial-in/serial-out shift register.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">fitter</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Software that maps a PLD logic description into the target
CPLD. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">fitting</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of putting logic from your design into physical
macrocell locations in the CPLD. Routing is performed automatically. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">flash memory</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A type of programmable chip that retains data even when the
power is turned off.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">flattening</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of resolving all of the hierarchy references in
a design. If a design contains several instantiations of a logic module,
the flattened version of that design will duplicate the logic for
each instantiation. A flattened design still contains hierarchical
names for instances and nets. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">flat design</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A flat design is a design composed of multiple sheets at the
top-level schematic. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">flip-flop</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A simple two-state logic buffer activated by a clock and fed
by a single input working in combination with the clock. The states
are High and Low. When the clock goes High, the flip-flop works as
a buffer as it outputs the value of the D input at the time the clock
rises. The value is kept until the next clock cycle (rising clock
edge). The output is not affected when the clock goes Low (falling
clock edge).</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">floorplanning</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div>
<ol>
<li> The process of choosing the best grouping and connectivity of
logic in a design.</li>
<li> The process of manually placing blocks of logic in an FPGA where
the goal is to increase density, routability, or performance.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">flow</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An ordered sequence of processes that are executed to produce
an implementation of a design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">footprint</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The shape, pin names, and functionality of a library macro
or component.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">foundry</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A silicon wafer fabrication facility. It is also called a fab.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">FPGA</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Field Programmable Gate Array. A class of integrated circuits
pioneered by Xilinx in which the logic function is defined by the
customer using Xilinx development system software after the IC has
been manufactured and delivered to the end user. Gate arrays are another
type of IC whose logic is defined during the manufacturing process.
Xilinx supplies RAM-based FPGA devices. </div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
FPGA applications
include fast counters, fast pipelined designs, register intensive
designs, and battery powered multi-level logic. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">FPGA Compiler</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Synopsys product which constrains and synthesizes an FPGA.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">FPGA Editor</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A graphical application for displaying and configuring Field
Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The FPGA Editor requires a Native
Circuit Description (.ncd) file. This file contains the logic of your
design mapped to components (such as CLBs and IOBs). In addition,
the FPGA Editor reads from and writes to a Physical Constraints File
(PCF).</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">frequency</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Frequency, IC design speed, is defined by the longest path
delay in a circuit from a synchronous element to another synchronous
element.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">FROM:TO timespecs</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A style of specifying timing which allows point-to-point, group-to-group,
one-to-many, and many-to-one path types to be specified.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">functional simulation</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of identifying logic errors in your design before
it is implemented in a Xilinx device. Because timing information for
the design is not available, the simulator tests the logic in the
design using unit delays. Functional simulation is usually performed
at the early stages of the design process. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">function block</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The high-density function block of the device, designed to
provide the maximum logic density and containing several macrocells.
The output pins associated with function blocks have the standard
current drive capability. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">function generator</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A look-up table or black box with three or four inputs implementing
any combinational functions of (2<span style="font-size: 70%; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; position: relative; text-indent: 0pt; top: -0.3em;">2</span>)<span style="font-size: 70%; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; position: relative; text-indent: 0pt; top: -0.3em;">2</span> or 256
functions or (2<span style="font-size: 70%; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; position: relative; text-indent: 0pt; top: -0.3em;">2</span>)<span style="font-size: 70%; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; position: relative; text-indent: 0pt; top: -0.3em;">4</span> or 65556 functions. The output
is any value resulting from the logical functions executed within
the box. The function generator implements a complete truth table,
allowing speedy prediction of the output.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.8" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_G38_19" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- G -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">gate</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An integrated circuit composed of several transistors and capable
of representing any primitive logic state, such as AND, OR, XOR, or
NOT inversion conditions. Gates are also called digital, switching,
or logic circuits. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">gate array</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Part of the ASIC chip. A gate array represents a certain type
of gate repeated all over a VLSI-type chip. This type of logic requires
the use of masks to program the connections between the blocks of
gates.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">generics</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
In VHDL, generics are used to pass certain types of information
into a design description from their original environment.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">gigabyte</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
1,073,741,824 bytes.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">global buffers</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Low-skew, high-speed buffers that connect to long lines. They
do not map logic. </div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
There is one BUFGP and one BUFGS in each
corner of the chip. Primary buffers must be driven by an IOB. Secondary
buffers can be driven by internal logic or IOBs.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">global Set/Reset net</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A high-speed, no-skew dedicated net, which reduces delays and
routing congestion. This net accesses all flip-flops on the chip and
can reinitialize all CLBs and IOBs.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">global tristate net</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A global tristate net forces all device outputs to high-impedance
state unless boundary scan is enabled and executes an EXTEST instruction. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">GND pin </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Ground (0 volts). </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Gray Code</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A type of binary code that represents numeric values in binary
digits that differ from preceding digits in one place only. For example,
in Gray code the integer 7 is implemented as 0100 and the integer
8 is implemented as 1100, instead of the binary representation of
0111 and 1000, respectively.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">grey box methodology</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Open box methodology uses Xilinx design system (XDS) interactively
for the implementation process. It is traditionally referred to as
the "manual flow."</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">ground bounce</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The occurrence of voltage spikes on the ground or power levels
inside a chip primarily due to current changes in the combined inductance
of ground pins, bond wires, and ground metalization. This problem
frequently occurs when multiple outputs change state simultaneously.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">group</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A collection of common signals to form a bus. In the case of
a counter, for example, the different signals that produce the actual
counter values can be combined to form an alias, or group. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">guided design</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The use of a previously implemented version of a file for design
mapping, placement, and routing. Guided design allows logic to be
modified or added to a design while preserving the layout and performance
that have been previously achieved. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">guide file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A previously placed and routed NCD file that can be used in
a subsequent place and route operation.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">guide mode </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Specifies an optional guide design file to be fed into the
place and route process. The guide file is an NCD file that is used
as a template for placing and routing the input design. This is useful
if minor incremental changes have been made to create a new design. </div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_H38_20" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- H -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">hardwire </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A non-reprogrammable device that has the same structure as
a FPGA except that the memory cells and logic controlled are replaced
by metal connections. This type of device is usually used after prototyping
with a FPGA. It is used for high-volume designs. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">hard macros</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Macros created by the designer in the FPGA Editor and saved
as NCD files. They can be instantiated in designs to maintain the
exact placement and routing defined by the designer, but lack features
for simulation and back-annotation since they do not have a corresponding
logical representation in the design-capture netlist.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">HDL</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Hardware Description Language. A language that describes circuits
in textual code. The two most widely accepted HDLs are VHDL and Verilog.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An HDL, or hardware description language, describes designs in
a technology-independent manner using a high level of abstraction.
The most common HDLs in use today are Verilog and VHDL. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">HEX</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A simple text dump of the PROM data in HEX format. It has unlimited
data capacity.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">hexadecimal</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A numbering system with a base of 16 digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F).</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">hierarchical design</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A design description in multiple layers, from the highest (overview)
to the lowest (circuit details). An alternative is flat design, where
everything is described at the same level of detail.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">high-density function block (HDFB)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A group of macrocells in an CPLD that can efficiently perform
complex logic such as arithmetic operations.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">high impedance</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The third state or floating state of a tristate component.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">hold time</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The amount of time required for a data input to to be stable
after the triggering edge of a clock to reliably activate the device.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_I38_21" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- I -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">IBIS</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The Input/Output Buffer Information Specification. A device
modeling standard. IBIS allows for the development of behavioral models
used to describe the signal behavior of device interconnects.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">IBISWriter</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Xilinx command line tool which outputs an .ibs file. This
file consists of a list of pins used by a design; the signals internal
to the device that connect to those pins; and the IBIS buffer models
for the IOBs connected to the pins. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">IBUF</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A circuit which acts as a protection for the chip, shielding
it from eventual current overflows. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">IC</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Integrated Circuit. A single piece of silicon on which thousands
or millions of transistors are combined. ICs are the major building
blocks of modern electronic systems.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">IEEE </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Pronounced
I triple E.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">iMPACT</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Xilinx® command line and GUI based tool that enables you
to configure your PLD designs using Boundary-Scan, Slave Serial, and
Select MAP configuration modes, as well as the MultiPRO Desktop Programmer.
You can use iMPACT to download, read back and verify design configuration
data as well as to create PROM, SVF, STAPL, System ACE CF and System
ACE MPM programming files.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">impedance</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The sum of all resistance and reactance of a circuit to the
flow of alternating current.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">implement</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The second step in the synthesis flow. In this stage, the analyzed
HDL is expanded into gates.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">implementation</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The mapping, placement and routing of a design. A phase in
the design process during which the design is placed and routed.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">implementation tools</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Tools which implement a design (macros and logic functions)
into FPGA CLB and IOB cells. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">in-system programming</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A methodology in which a complex programmable logic device
can be programmed (customized) after it has been soldered or plugged
into the user system.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">include files</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
CPLD equation files that are specified by an INCLUDE_EQN statement
in a top-level file. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">indexes</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The left-most and right-most bits of a bus defining the bus
range and precision.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">INIT pin</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A device pin indicating when a device is ready to receive configuration
data after power-up.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">input</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The symbol port through which data is sourced.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">input loading</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The number of specified unit loads that a specified input represents. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">input pad registers and latches</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
D-type registers located in the I/O pad sections of the device.
Input pad registers can be used instead of macrocell resources. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Install</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The Xilinx® installation program used to place the Xilinx
software on your hard disk or system.instance</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An instance is
one specific gate or hierarchical element in a design or netlist.
The term "symbol" often describes instances in a schematic drawing.
Instances are interconnected by pins and nets. Pins are ports through
which connections are made from an instance to a net. A design that
is flattened to its lowest level constituents is described with primitive
instances.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">instance</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
One specific gate or hierarchical element in a design or netlist.
The term "symbol" often describes instances in a schematic drawing.
Instances are interconnected by pins and nets. Pins are ports through
which connections are made from an instance to a net. A design that
is flattened to the lowest level constituents is described using primitive
instances.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">instantiation</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The act of placing a symbol that represents a primitive or
a macro in a design or netlist. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">interactive</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Interactive describes a process or tool that requiring interaction
with the user in order to execute or accomplish its objective. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">interconnect</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The metal in a device that is used to implement the nets of
the design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">interconnect line</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Any portion of a net.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">interface program</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Any of the Xilinx programs used to translate a design file
into a Xilinx format file, an implementation file, or a simulation
file.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">internal buffer</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Memory used by Test Bench Waveform Editor to hold graphics information.
This area is separate from the clipboard and copies graphical objects
within the Test Bench Waveform Editor.</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">IOB (input/output block)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A collection or grouping of basic elements that implement the
input and output functions of an FPGA device.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">IOSTANDARD</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A basic mapping constraint and synthesis constraint. Use IOSTANDARD
to assign an I/O standard to an I/O primitive. All components with
IOSTANDARD must follow the same placement rules (banking rules) as
the SelectI/O components. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">ISE</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Integrated Software Environment.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">ISE Simulator</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Xilinx® software that allows you to synthesize HDL designs
to create Xilinx specific netlist files called NGC files. The NGC
file is a netlist that contains both logical design data and constraints
that replaces both EDIF and NCF files.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">ISE Text Editor</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Xilinx® software that allows you to create, view, and edit
text files, such as ASCII, UCF, VHDL, Verilog, and Tcl files.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">iterative design </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of using a guide file to add changed logic to a
design that has already been verified for timing. It implements logic
that has not been changed using the same FPGA resources as in the
guide file, which ensures that the timing on those paths is identical.
For logic that has been changed, it uses the normal mapping, placement,
and routing process. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">I/O banks</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Groups of IOB blocks.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">I/O blocks</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The input/output logic of the device containing pin drivers,
registers and latches, and 3-state control functions. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">I/O pads</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Input/output pads that interface the design logic with the
pins of the device.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.11" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_J38_22" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- J -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">JEDEC</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A CPLD file format used for downloading device bitmap information
to a device programmer. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">JTAG Mode</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A MultiLINX configuration mode supported by the following MultiLINX
devices: Spartan®, Virtex®, XC9500, CoolRunner™-II, and CoolRunner™ XPLA3.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.12" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_K38_23" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- K -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Karnaugh map</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A binary representation of the sums of products of a function.
The Karnaugh map is a type of truth table from which simplified equations
that define a function are derived. The simplification of such equations
is called minimization.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.13" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_L38_24" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- L -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">label</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Text attached to a bus, pin, net, or component to identify
it.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">latch</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A two-state buffer fed by two inputs, D and L. When the L input
is Low, it acts as a transparent input; in this case, the latch acts
as a buffer and outputs the value input by D. When the L input is
High, it ignores the D input value.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">latched input</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An input which captures asynchronous inputs.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">LCA</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Logic Cell Array.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">LCA file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
FPGA implementation file.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">LFP file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The Logical Floorplan File is created by PACE to store grouping
and color settings. You should not edit this file. PACE reads this
file automatically if one exists in the same directory as the UCF
file.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">LFSR</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Linear feedback shift register. A shift register with connections
from some of the stages to the input of the first element through
an exclusive-OR gate (standard form), or a shift register with connections
from the last stage to exclusive-OR gates at the inputs of the first
and intermediate stages of the register (modular form). </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">library</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A set of macros, such as adders, buffers, and flip-flops that
is part of the Xilinx interface. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">.ll file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The logic allocation file, which indicates the bitstream position
of storage elements such as latches, flip-flops, and IOB inputs and
outputs. The Hardware Debugger uses this file to locate signal values
inside a readback bitstream. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">load</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An input port.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">loading direction</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The direction in which data is stored on your PROM. In the
Up direction, the data is stored in ascending order. In the Down direction,
the data is stored in descending order.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">locking</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A lock constraint in the PCF file locks a component. A lock
routing constraint specifies that the current routing cannot be changed
or unrouted. A lock placement constraint specifies that placed components
cannot be unplaced, moved, or deleted. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">logic</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
One of the three major classes of ICs in most digital electronic
systems: microprocessors, memory, and logic. Logic is used for data
manipulation and control functions that require higher speed than
a microprocessor can provide.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">logical constraints</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Constraints are constraints that are attached to elements in
the design prior to mapping or fitting.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">logic allocation file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A file used for probing that has a .ll extension. The file
provides bit locations of the values of RAM, I/O, latches, and flip-flops. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">logic element</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A building block defining the logic in a design. These elements
are typically primitives -- that is, flip-flops, AND gates, and such
elements -- or macros, higher level combinations of primitives. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">logic icon</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A graphical representation of a logic resource, such as a flip-flop,
buffer, or register.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">logic icons in transit</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Selected logic that is being moved from one location to another
in the Floorplanner.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">logic optimization</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process that decreases the area or increases the speed
of a design. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">logic simulator</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Foundation’s gate-level simulator provided by Aldec.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">logic synthesis</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A process that starts from a high level of logic abstraction
(typically Verilog or VHDL) and automatically creates a lower level
of logic abstraction using a library containing primitives. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">long line</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A long line connects to a primary global net or to any secondary
global net. Long lines carry signals across the length or width of
the chip with minimal delay and negligible skew. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">look-ahead carry</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A technique used to reduce the carry propagation delay in a
parallel adder. All carries are added at the same time.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">look-up table (LUT)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Look-up tables (LUTs) are used to implement function generators
in CLBs. Four independent inputs are provided to each of two function
generators (F1-F4 and G1-G4). These function generators can implement
any arbitrarily defined Boolean function of four inputs. The H function
generator can implement any Boolean function of four inputs. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">low</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Low is a logical state for which no output is generated. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">low skew resources</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Secondary routing resources on some devices which provide signal
routing with high fanout and low skew. These resources are more flexible
then the global routing resources (BUFGs) since they can route any
signal, not just clock signals.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">LSB</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Least significant bit. The left-most bit of the bus bounds
or indexes. In one-hot and twos-complement encoding, the LSB is the
right-most bit.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">LSSD (Level-Sensitive Scan Design)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Level-sensitive scan design. A scan-path technique for systems
using latches as bistables and two or more independently controllable
(two-phase non-overlapping) clocks. System design must also be level-sensitive:
the clock rise and fall times should not affect correct operation,
and the latches must be hazard-free. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">LVDS</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A sink node or stopping point for a timing analysispath, the
data input of a synchronous element or a pad.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.14" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_M38_25" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- M -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">macro</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A component made of nets and primitives, flip-flops, or latches
that implements high-level functions, such as adders, subtracters,
and dividers. Soft macros and Relationally Placed Macros (RPMs) are
types of macros. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">macrocell</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The CPLD logic cell, which is made of gates only. A macrocell
can implement both combinatorial and registered equations.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">macros</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The design element "molecules" of the Xilinx libraries. Macros
can be created from design element primitives and/or other macros.
For example, the FD4CE flip-flop macro is a composite of 4 FDCE primitives.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A macro is also a file containing a sequence of keyboard commands
that are executed in script form.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">magnitude comparator</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A component whose function is to compare quantities of numbers.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">main window</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The background against which windows are displayed. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">mapping</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of assigning a design’s logic elements to the specific
physical elements that actually implement logic functions in a device.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">masked programmed gate array</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A customizable device that is programmed during the IC manufacturing
process.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">master-slave flip-flop</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Two flip-flops activated in turn and designed to avoid metastability
conditions.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">maximal encoding</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Maximal encoding is a type of state machine encoding that uses
the minimum number of registers to encode the machine. Each register
is used to its maximum capability. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">MCS-86 </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
MCS-86 is an Intel PROM format supported by the Xilinx tools.
Its maximum address is 1 048 576. This format supports PROM files
of up to (8 x 1 048 576) = 8 388 608 bits.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">memory unit</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A collection of thousands of registers for the storage of digital
information.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">menu bar</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The area located at the top of the main window that provides
access to the menus.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">metastability</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Metastability refers to unknown states occurring when flip-flops
change states before the next input. To prevent the problem, use a
master-slave flip-flop or implement the flip-flop such that it responds
to only one of the clock edges, either negative or positive. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">micron</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
One millionth of a meter.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">microprocessor</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A silicon chip that contains a CPU. Microprocessors control
the logic of almost all digital devices, e.g. PCs, workstations, clock
radios, and fuel-injection systems for automobiles</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">migration</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div>
<ol>
<li> The conversion of a design from one device to another. The device
may or may not be of the same family.</li>
<li> The conversion of design data files from an older version of the
Xilinx development system to a more recent version.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">minimization</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of reducing a logic function to a sum-of-products
expression consisting of the least number of product terms.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">mixed mode design</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A design that consists of both schematic and behavioral blocks.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">model registry</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A list (which may include schematics, Electronic Design Data
Model (EDDM) single objects, and symbols) that identifies what models
can be used to describe a component.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">module</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div>
<ol>
<li> Any block or symbol.</li>
<li> A bound design element where the bounds are defined with inputs
and outputs. The module represents a logical function with outputs
based on the value of the inputs.</li>
<li> A Module block or primitive that is a basic library element or
building block. All designs must eventually be broken down to the
primitive level by the implementation tools in order to represent
the implemented hardware design.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">MSB</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Most Significant Bit. The right-most bit of the bus bounds
or indexes. In one-hot binary and twos-complement encoding, the MSB
is the left-most bit.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">multicycle path</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A path between two registers with a timing requirement that
is a multiple of the clock period for the registers.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">MultiLINX</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A cable designed to function as a download, read back, verification
and logic probing tool for the larger Xilinx devices. MultiLINX functions
as a USB device to send and receive data from host.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">multiplexer</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A reprogrammable routing control. This component selects one
input wire as output from a selection of wires.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.15" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_N38_26" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- N -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">nanosecond</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
One billionth of a second.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">NCD</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Native Circuit Description.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">NCD file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Native Circuit Description file that represents a physical
circuit description of the input design as applied to a specific device.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">NCF file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Netlist Constraints File. This constraints file is commonly
used to define constraints for schematic editors and third-party tools.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">net</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div>
<ol>
<li> A logical connection between two or more symbol instance pins.
After routing, the abstract concept of a net is transformed to a physical
connection called a wire.</li>
<li> An electrical connection between components or nets. It can also
be a connection from a single component. It is the same as a wire
or a signal.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">netlist</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A text description of the circuit connectivity. It is basically
a list of connectors, a list of instances, and, for each instance,
a list of the signals connected to the instance terminals. In addition,
the netlist contains attribute information. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">network</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A collection of logic elements and the wires (nets or connections)
that define how they interconnect. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">net name</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A name that identifies a net.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">NGC file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The NGC file is a netlist that contains both logical design
data and constraints This file replaces both EDIF and NCF files.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">NGD</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Native Generic Database file that describes the logical design
reduced to Xilinx primitives.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">NGD2EDIF</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A program that produces an EDIF 2 0 0 netlist in terms of the
Xilinx primitive set. It allows you to simulate pre-route and post-
route designs.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">NGD2VER</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A program that translates your design into a Verilog HDL file
containing a netlist description of the design in terms of Xilinx
simulation primitives. The Verilog file can be used to perform a back-end
simulation by a Verilog simulator.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">NGD2VHDL</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A program that translates your design into a VITAL 95 IEEE
compliant VHDL file containing a net list description of the design
in terms of Xilinx simulation primitives. The VHDL file can be used
to perform a back-end simulation by a VHDL simulator.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">NGDAnno</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A program that distributes delays, setup and hold times, and
pulse widths found in the physical NCD design file onto the logic
design view represented in the NGD.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">NGDBuild</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A program that converts all input design netlists and then
writes the results into a single merged file.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">NGM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A design file produced by MAP that contains information about
the logical design and information about how the logical design corresponds
to the physical design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">node</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The junction of nets joined throughout the design hierarchy
by pins on symbols. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">number of clock cycles</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The number of clocks that have been applied between snapshots
during synchronous mode debugging. This value is displayed between
the snapshot numbers on the horizontal axis. </div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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- O -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">offset </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Defines the timing relationship between an external clock and
its associated data-in or data-out pin.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">ohm</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A unit of electrical resistance.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">one-hot encoding</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A type of encoding in which an individual state register is
dedicated to only one state. Only one flip-flop can be active, or
hot, at a time. The bit position represents the value. For example,
in state machine language, each state is assigned its own storage
register (flip-flop) and only one state can be active at a time. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">one-to-one logic</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
In Xilinx FPGA devices, one-to-one logic is the exact correspondence
between the logic specified in the design entry phase and the logic
implemented in the device. For example, if you draw three inverters
in your design, there are three corresponding inverters in the programmed
device. This correspondence makes back-annotation of timing delays
very straightforward and ensures that there are no differences between
your original design and the finished device.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">open box methodology</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Open box methodology uses Xilinx design system (XDS) interactively
for the implementation process. It is traditionally referred to as
the "manual flow."</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">optimization</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process that decreases the area or increases the speed
of a design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">optimizer</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A program which performs logic optimization. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">options</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Features that modify the way a program runs. Options are generally
set by the user.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">oscillator</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A bi-stable circuit that can be used as a clock. The stable
states are 0 and 1.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">output delay</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The maximum time allowed for an output to settle and be properly
recognized by other logic inputs.</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">overflow</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An indication that a value cannot be represented in a given
number of bits. It is a signal that can be translated as an error
or ignored. In a design, this error can be interpreted as a signal.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">OVI</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Open Verilog International. A non-profit organization that
exists to promote, maintain, and support the use of Verilog HDL worldwide.
OVI supports the IEEE 1364 standard for Verilog HDL.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_P38_28" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- P -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">PACE</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Pinout Area Constraints Editor. A GUI tool that defines legal
pin assignments and creates properly sized area constraints.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">package</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The physical packaging of a chip, for example, PG84, VQ100,
and PC48.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">pad-to-pad path (P2P)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A path which starts at an input of the chip and ends at an
output of the chip. The pad-to-pad path time is the maximum time required
for the data to enter the chip, travel through logic and routing,
and leave the chip. It is not controlled or affected by any clock
signal. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">pad-to-setup path (P2S)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A path which starts at an input of the chip and ends at an
input to a flip-flop, latch, or RAM--wherever there is a setup time
against a control signal. The pad-to-setup path time is the maximum
time required for the data to enter the chip, travel through logic
and routing, and arrive at the output before the clock or control
signal arrives.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">pad</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The physical bonding pad on an integrated circuit. All signals
on a chip must enter and leave by way of a pad. Pads are connected
to package pins in order for signals to enter or leave an integrated
circuit package. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">PAL</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A programmable logic device that consists of a programmable
AND matrix whose outputs drive fixed OR gates. This was one of the
earliest forms of programmable logic. PALs can typically implement
small functions easily (up to a hundred gates) and run very fast,
but they are inefficient for large functions. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">PAR</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Place and route tool. PAR is a program for mapping, placing,
and routing an FPGA design. The process is called design implementation.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">parallel adder</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An adder implementation in which the bits are added simultaneously.
The carries of the parallel adders are connected, thus generating
the sum simultaneously. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Parallel Cable III</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A cable assembly which contains a buffer to protect your PCs
parallel port and a set of headers to connect to your target system.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">parameterized modules</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
LogiBLOX symbols in which the user can set the values of one
or more inputs, such as the input bit width or whether to create RPMs.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">PARTGen</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A command which displays various levels of information about
installed Xilinx devices and families depending on which options are
selected. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">partitioning</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div>
<ol>
<li> The process of splitting a single design among multiple devices.</li>
<li> The maximum level of integration (density concern).</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">path</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A connected series of nets and logic elements. A path has a
start point and an end point that are different depending on the type
of path. The time taken for a signal to propagate through a path is
referred to as the path delay. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">path delay</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The time it takes for a signal to propagate through a path.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">PCF files</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Physical Constraints File. This file contains the physical
constraints that are derived from the logical constraints after mapping.
Any changes in constraints in the FPGA Editor are also written to
the PCF.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">period</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A clock period specification checks timing between all synchronous
elements within the clock domain as defined in the destination element
group. The group may contain paths that pass between clock domains
if the clocks are defined as a function of one or the other. </div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The period specification is attached to the clock net.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">physical constraints</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Constraints that are attached to design elements in the physical
design, that is, the design after mapping has been performed. These
constraints are defined in the Physical Constraints File (PCF), which
is created during mapping.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">PIM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Physically Implemented Module. A term used in modular design
that refers to the individual modules that have been completed and
are ready to be incorporated into the top-level design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">pin</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A symbol pin or a package pin. A package pin is a physical
connector on an integrated circuit package that carries signals into
and out of an integrated circuit. A symbol pin, also referred to as
an instance pin, is the connection point of an instance to a net.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">PIN2UCF</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Xilinx® program that generates pin-locking constraints
in a UCF file by reading a placed NCD file for FPGAs or GYD file for
CPLDs. PIN2UCF writes its output to an existing UCF file. If there
is no existing UCF file, PIN2UCF creates a new file. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">pin feedback</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Pin feedback specifies that the associated signal comes from
the actual device pin and not from the universal interconnect matrix
(UIM). </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">PIP</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Programmable interconnect points. The circuits which provide
the routing paths used to connect the inputs and outputs of IOBs and
CLBs into logic networks.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A PIP is made of a CMOS transistor,
which you can turn on and off to activate the PIP.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">placer</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A utility that maps logic from your design into specific locations
in the target FPGA chip.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">placer effort</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The user-controlled parameter that balances run-time with placement
efficiency.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">placing</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of assigning physical device cell locations to
the logic in a design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">PLD</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Programmable Logic Device. An integrated circuit composed of
two types of gate arrays: the AND array and the OR array, thus providing
for sum of products algorithmic representations. PLDs include three
distinct types of chips: PROMs, PALs, and PLAs. The most flexible
device is the PLA (programmable logic array) in which both the AND
and OR gate arrays are programmable. In the PROM device, only the
OR gate array is programmable. In the PAL device, only the AND gate
array is programmable. PLDs are programmed by blowing the fuses along
the paths that must be disconnected. </div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
FPGAs and CPLDs are classes
of PLDs.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">PLUSASM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Xilinx-proprietary Boolean equation language for expressing
behavioral designs mapped to Xilinx CPLDs.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">polarity</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div>
<ol>
<li> The direction of the current flow from the negative pole to the
positive pole.</li>
<li> The negative or positive expression of an equation. Negative expressions
are prefaced with a slash (/). Polarity affects minimization.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">port</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A logical connector that associates signals across hierarchical
boundaries. Port location refers to a package pin on the IC.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">post-synthesis simulation</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Simulation which is usually done after the HDL code has been
expanded into gates. Post-synthesis simulation is similar to behavioral
simualtion since design behavior is being checked. The difference
is that in post-synthesis simulation the synthesis tool’s results
are being checked. If post-synthesis and behavioral simulation match,
then the HDL synthesis tool has interpreted the HDL code correctly.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">primitives</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The simplest design elements in the Xilinx libraries. Primitives
are the design element "atoms," and can be combined to create macros.
Examples of Xilinx primitives are the simple buffer, BUF, and the
D flip-flop with clock enable and clear, FDCE.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">probing</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of examining the states of a device. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">process</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A running concurrent block of logic.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The difference
between hardware and software programming lies in the fact that hardware
programming is for concurrent processes and software programming is
for linear processes.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">process technology</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The procedure used to convert blank silicon wafers into finished
wafers containing hundreds to thousands of chips. These chips are
tested and assembled into plastic or ceramic packages before final
use.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">product of sums</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The complement expression of a sum of products. Specifically,
the outputs of a function for which the input combinations equal 0. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">product term cascading</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of passing groups of four product terms from one
macrocell to another for the purpose of increasing the number of usable
product terms. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">programmable interconnect points (PIP)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Programmable interconnect points (PIP). The circuits which
provide the routing paths used to connect the inputs and outputs of
IOBs and CLBs into logic networks.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A PIP is made of a CMOS
transistor, which you can turn on and off to activate the PIP.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">programmer</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A hardware box and its associated software that is used to
program either the FPGA/CPLD devices themselves or the memory devices
that will be used to store programming data. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">programming</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of configuring the programmable interconnect in
the FPGA.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Project Navigator</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The main window for ISE. All of the GUI design tools for ISE
are accessed through the Project Navigator.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">PROM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A programmable read-only memory. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">PROMGen</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A program which formats a BitGen-generated configuration bitstream
(BIT) file into a PROM format file.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">PROM file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
One or more BIT files (bitstreams) formed into one or more
datastreams. The file is formatted in one of three industry-standard
formats: Intel MCS86 HEX, Tektronics TEKHEX, or Motorola EXORmacs.
The PROM file includes headers that specify the length of the bitstreams
as well as all the framing and control information necessary to configure
the FPGAs. It can be used to program one or more devices. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">propagation </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The transmission of signal from one point in a design to other
points.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Constraint propagation refers to all of the design
elements and nets that apply to a specified constraint in a design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">prototyping</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div>
<ol>
<li> The first full-scale functional model of a new device.</li>
<li> The use of a model prior to the generation of a final version
of a chip.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">pseudo logic</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Logic that is temporarily inserted in a design to facilitate
the relative placement of the connected logic within a module. Pseudo
logic is used when performing modular design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">pull-down resistor</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A device or circuit used to reduce the output impedance of
a device, often a resistor network that holds a device or circuit
output at or less than the zero input level of a subsequent digital
device in a system.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">pull-up resistor</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A device or method used to keep the output voltage of a device
at a high level, often a resistor network connected to a positive
supply voltage. </div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.18" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_R38_29" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- R -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">race check</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An analysis that compares the time it takes for data to propagate
from a source register to a destination register with the amount of
skew on the clock lines driving each register. A race condition exists
if the clock skew is greater than the propagation time plus the hold
time.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">radix</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The base--usually binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal--
in which waveforms are displayed in a waveform viewer. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">RAM-based FPGA</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An FPGA whose configuration data is programmed into random
access memory. These devices are re-programmable. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">RAM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Random Access Memory. A read and write memory that has an
access time independent of the physical location of the data. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">ratsnest</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A diagram consisting of lines that indicate connectivity between
logic placed in the Floorplanner window.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">RBT file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A raw BIT format file. The ASCII version of the BIT file. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">readback</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of reading the logic downloaded to an FPGA device
back to the source. There are two types of readback.</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li> A readback of logic usually accompanied by a comparison check
to verify that the design was downloaded in its entirety.</li>
<li> A readback of the states stored in the device memory elements
to ensure that the device is behaving as expected.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">register</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A set of flip-flops used to store data. It is an accumulator
used for all arithmetic operations.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">registers</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Digital circuits that store bits (1s and 0s).</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Relationally Placed Macros</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Any "soft macro" that contains one or more RLOC constraints
to specify relative placement. It can be as simple as "make sure these
two flip-flops get placed in the same slice", to a full-blown specification
of the relative placement every LUT, MUX, and flip-flop.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Relative Mins </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Relative Minimum Delays. The minimum delay value(s) when operating
at specified operation conditions (temperature and voltage).</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">resistance</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div>
<ol>
<li> The property -- based on material, dimensions, and temperature
of conductors -- that determines the amount of current produced at
a given difference in potential. A material’s current impedance that
dissipates power in the form of heat.</li>
<li> The drive of the output pins on a network.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">resistor</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A device that provides electical resistance. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">resource graphics</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Graphical representations of elements in the target FPGA Floorplan
window, such as function generators, registers, and tristate buffers
in the CLB and IOBs.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">ripple counter</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A series connection of complementing flip-flops. Ripple counters
are also called asynchronous counters.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">RocketIO transceiver</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A RocketIO™ transceiver is a multi-gigabit serial transceiver
that is integrated into the Virtex®-II Pro device.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">ROM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Read Only Memory. A static memory structure that retains a
state indefinitely, even when the power is turned off. It can be part
of a function generator.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">router</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The utility that connects all appropriate pins to create the
design’s nets.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">router effort</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Router effort refers to the user-controlled parameter that
balances run-time with routing efficiency.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">routing</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Routing is the process of assigning logical nets to physical
wire segments in the FPGA that interconnect logic cells.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">routing layer</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A routing layer is a conductive layer used for interconnections.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">RPM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Relationally Placed Macro (RPM) defines the spatial relationship
of the primitives that constitute its logic. An indivisible block
of logic elements that are placed as a unit into a design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">RS-232 Port</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The RS-232 Port is where the MultiLINX cable connects to on
the host computer. This is how the MultiLINX cable hardware communicates
with the host.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">RTL</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div>
<ol>
<li> Resistor Transistor Logic.</li>
<li> Register Transfer Level.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">RTL Viewer</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Xilinx® software that allows you to view a schematic representation
of the pre-optimized design in terms of generic symbols that are independent
of the targeted Xilinx device, for example, in terms of adders, multipliers,
counters, AND gates, and OR gates.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.19" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_S38_30" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- S -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">scan test</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A synchronized procedure for testing CLB and IOB blocks.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">schematic</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A hierarchical drawing representing a design in terms of user
and library components.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Schematic and Symbol Editors</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Xilinx® software that allows you to create, view and, edit
schematics and symbols for schematic design entry.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">script</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A series of commands that automatically execute a complex operation
such as the steps in a design flow. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">SDF (standard delay format)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An industry-standard file format for specifying timing information.
It is usually used for simulation. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">seed-place</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The act of initial placement with a seed.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">seed</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A random number that determines the order of the cells in the
design to be placed. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">selecting logic</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
In the Floorplanner, the process of using the mouse to choose
logic in either the Design window or the Floorplan window for placement,
movement, or processing.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">SelectMAP Mode</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A MultiLINX configuration mode supported by the MultiLINX device, Virtex®.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">semiconductor</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A generic name for devices like transistors and integrated
circuits that can control the flow of electrical signals. Silicon
is the basic material of most semiconductors.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">sequential logic</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Digital circuits whose logic states depend on clocked sequences.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">serial PROM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A PROM that is read one bit at a time.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">setup time</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The amount of time required for a data input to be stable prior
to the triggering edge of a clock device.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">set/reset</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
This operation is made possible by the asynchronous set/reset
property. This function is also implemented by the Global Reset STARTUP
primitive. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">sheet</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A page of a schematic. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">shift register</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A register in which data is loaded in parallel and shifted
out of the register again. It refers to a chain of flip-flops connected
in cascade. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">signal</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A wire or a net.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">signal aliasing</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The name of a net used to refer to all equivalent nets in a
design. Signal aliasing is the process of assigning the name of a
bus to a lesser bus or signal contained in the larger bus.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">signal binding</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of joining nets from a lower-level XNF file to
pins in a top-level XNF file. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">silicon wafer</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A thin disk of extremely pure, crystalline silicon, typically
six or eight inches in diameter.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">simulation</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of verifying the logic and timing of a design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">simulation network</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A file submitted to the simulator for functional or timing
simulation.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">simultaneously switching outputs (SSO)</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The occurrence of voltage spikes on the ground or power levels
inside a chip primarily due to current changes in the combined inductance
of ground pins, bond wires, and ground metalization. This problem
frequently occurs when multiple outputs change state simultaneously.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">single-length line</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A line which is switched at every switch matrix it crosses. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">skew</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Clock delay.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">slack</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The difference between the constraint and the analyzed value,
with negative slack indicating an error condition.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Slave Serial Mode</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A MultiLINX configuration mode supported by the following MultiLINX
devices: Spartan®, Virtex®, XCS5200, and XC3000.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">slew</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Transition time of an output signal. A fast slew rate has a
quicker transition time and a slow rate a longer one. Limiting the
slew rate reduces output switching surges in a device. Slew rate can
be set to FAST or SLOW.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">slew rate</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The speed with which the output voltage level transitions from
high to low or vice-versa. The slew rate determines how fast the transistors
on the outputs change states. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">slice</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Two slices form a CLB within Spartan®-II and Virtex® families.
This is a specific example of a comp type that corresponds to the
basic fabric of logic in all FPGAs. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">soft macros</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Library design element "macros" that are built hierachically
from simpler library elements (for example, a counter built from flip-flops
and gates). These are "soft" in the sense the tools are free to remap,
place and route them as they see fit. Designers can also build "soft"
macros, with or without RLOC constraints to specify relative placement.
The tools are free to manipulate the mapping, placement and routing,
within the boundaries of the specified constraints. It is possible
to so completely constrain a "soft" macro with RLOCs, that every placement
is specified and there is nothing left for the tools to decide, but
since it still has a logical representation in the design capture,
it is still considered "soft".</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">source </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An output pin that drives a path. Sources are input pads and
the outputs of synchronous elements.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">speed</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Speed is a function of net types, CLB density, switching matrices,
and architecture. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">SPEEDPRINT</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A command which lists block delays for a device’s speed grade.
This program supplements data sheets, but does not replace them.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">speeds file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Xilinx Design System (XDS) data file that contains information
defining the timing for each speed grade available for a device. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">SRAM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Static Random Access Memory or volatile memory. SRAM holds
a value as long as power is continually supplied. It loses its contents
when the power is turned off.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">standard encoding</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A type of state machine encoding that forms clusters of states
and uses binary encoding for each cluster. One-hot encoding is a special
case of standard encoding in which each cluster contains exactly one
state. Binary encoding is a special case in which all states belong
to a single cluster. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">STARTUP symbol</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A symbol used to set/reset all CLB and IOB flip-flops.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">state</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The set of values stored in the memory elements of a device
(flip-flops, RAMs, CLB outputs, and IOBs) that represent the state
of that device at a particular point of the readback cycle. To each
state there corresponds a specific set of logical values.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">state diagram</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A pictorial description of the outputs and required inputs
for each state transition as well as the sequencing between states.
Each circle in a state diagram contains the name of a state. Arrows
to and from the circles show the transitions between states and the
input conditions that cause state transitions. These conditions are
written next to each arrow. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">state machine</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A set of combinatorial and sequential logic elements arranged
to operate in a predefined sequence in response to specified inputs.
The hardware implementation of a state machine design is a set of
storage registers (flip-flops) and combinatorial logic, or gates.
The storage registers store the current state, and the logic network
performs the operations to determine the next state. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">state table</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A table which shows the value of the outputs for all combinations
of current states and inputs. It also defines the next state for each
set of inputs. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">static timing analysis</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A point-to-point delay analysis of a design network withrespect
to a given set of constraints. It does not include insertion of stimulus
vectors.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
This method used by the Interactive Timing Analyzer
tool produces detailed timing constraint, clock, and path analysis
for post-map or post-place-and-route implementations. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">static timing analyzer</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A tool that analyzes the timing of the design on the basis
of its paths. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">status bar</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An area located at the bottom of a tool window that provides
information about the commands that you are about to select or that
are being processed.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">step</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The length of time that each value in a clock pattern is simulated.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">step size</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The length in nanoseconds of one step of a clock pattern. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">stimulus information</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The information defined at the schematic level and representing
a list of nodes and vectors to be simulated in functional and timing
simulation. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">submicron technology process</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A generic name for modern IC manufacturing methods where dimensions
on the wafer can be controlled to tolerances well below one micron,
which is one millionth of a meter.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">sum of products</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The outputs of a function for which the input combinations
equal 1. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">switch matrix</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A collection of transistors located between CLB blocks that
enables the connection of two interconnect lines. PAR uses the switch
matrices and interconnects to connect CLB inputs and outputs. Switch
matrices reduce some of the net delay. They have three possible directions:
top, bottom, and left.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">symbol</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A graphical representation of one level of hierarchy.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">symbolic state machine</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A state machine that makes no reference to the actual values
stored in the state register for the different states in the state
table. The software determines what these values should be. All that
is defined in a symbolic state machine is the relationship among the
states in terms of how input signals affect transitions between them,
the values of the outputs during each state, and in some cases, the
initial state. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">synchronous clock</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Synchronous control in which flip-flops are set or reset on
the rising edge of the clock. In LogiBLOX, the SYNC_VAL attribute
value constant is loaded into the register if the SYNC_CTRL input
on the module is High during the rising edge of the clock enable. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">synchronous debug</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A debug mode in which you use the XChecker cable to have full
control of the clock.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Synopsys</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Synopsys software supports HDL, a behavioral language for entering
equations. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">synthesis</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A process that starts from a high level of logic abstraction
(typically Verilog or VHDL) and automatically creates a lower level
of logic abstraction using a library containing primitives. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">synthesis package</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A fixed library of cells, each cell containing the implementation
details in terms of primitive logic.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.20" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_T38_31" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- T -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Tcl</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An acronym for Tool Command Language (Tcl), which is a scripting
language used for rapid prototyping, scripted applications, graphical
user interfaces, and testing. Tcl was created by John Ousterhout.
A Tcl file has a .tcl extension.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Technology Viewer</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Xilinx® software that allows you to view a schematic representation
of the design in terms of logic element optimized to the target Xilinx device
or "technology," for example, in terms of LUTs, carry logic, I/O buffers,
and other technology-specific components. The Technology Viewer also
includes Technology View-Exploration Mode, which allows you to view
a schematic representation of timing paths in the design to assist
with design and timing analysis.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">TEKHEX</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Tektronix PROM format supported by Xilinx®. Its maximum
address is 65 536. This format supports PROM files of up to (8 x 65
536) = 524 288 bits.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">testbench</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An HDL netlist containing test vectors to drive a simulation.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">three-state</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Tristate buffer. A buffer that places an output signal in a
high-impedance state to prevent it from contending with another output
signal.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">threshold</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The crossover point when something occurs or is observed or
indicated. The CMOS threshold and TTL threshold are examples.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">timespecs</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Commands (which can be specified in a HDL flow or in an external
file) that specify the timing requirements of a design to the place
and route software.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">time group</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A collection of design elements, including nets, BELs, components,
and so forth that can be used to constrain many objects in the same
way.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">time process</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A process which takes the routed nets in the design and calculates
the delays associated with each.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">timing</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process that calculates the delays associated with each
of the routed nets in the design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">timing constraints</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A series of constraints applied to a given set of paths or
nets that dictate the desired performance of a design. Constraints
may be period, frequency, net skew, maximum delay between end points,
or maximum net delay.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">timing simulation</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Simulation that takes place after the HDL design has been synthesized
and placed and routed. The purpose of this simulation is to check
the dynamic timing behavior of the HDL design in the target technology.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Use the block and routing delay information from the routed design
to assess the circuit behavior under worst-case conditions.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">timing specification</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Specifications which define the maximum allowable delay on
any given set of paths in a design. Timing specifications are entered
on the schematic.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">TNM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The Timing attribute part of TIMESPEC and specification. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">toolbar</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A field located under the menu bar at the top of a tool window.
It contains a series of icons that you click on to execute some of
the most commonly used commands. These icons are an alternative to
the menu commands. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">top-down design</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An HDL methodology where overall design behavior is defined
first and then HDL blocks. It is a process that starts a design with
the highest level of abstraction and gradually designs underlying
blocks until the complete design is implemented in the target technology.
Top-down design is often technology-independent at the highest levels
of design abstraction.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">top-level file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The main file of a PLUSASM design. It contains design control
information. It also contains either design equations or references
to include files containing design equations.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">TRACE</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The Timing Reporter And Circuit Evaluator. A command line utility
for performing static timing analysis of a design based on input timing
constraints. Its two major functions are timing verification and reporting.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">trace information</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A list of nodes and vectors to be simulated in functional and
timing simulation. This information is defined at the schematic level.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">transceiver</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A transmitter and receiver of signals. Xilinx® uses the Rocket
I/O transceiver in its Virtex®-II Pro devices.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">transistor</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A three-terminal semiconductor device that switches or amplifies
electrical current. It acts like a switch: On is equal to 1, and Off
is equal to 0. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">translation tools</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Programs that create Xilinx format files. For example, EDIF2NGD
translates CAE designs into NGD format files.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">trimming</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of removing unconnected or unused logic. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">tristate </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Tristate buffer. A buffer that places an output signal in a
high-impedance state to prevent it from contending with another output
signal.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">tristate condition</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A high-impedance state. A tristate can act also as a normal
output; i.e. it can be on, off, or not connected.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">truth table</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A table which defines the behavior for a block of digital logic.
Each line of a truth table lists the input signal values and the resulting
output value. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">TTL</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Transistor-Transistor Logic. A technology with specific interchange
(communication of digital signals) voltages and currents. Other technologies
include ECL, MOS, and CMOS. These types of logic are used as criteria
to classify digital integrated circuits. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">TTY</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A textual command line interface.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.21" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_U38_32" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- U -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">UCF </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The user constraints file (UCF) is an ASCII file specifying
constraints on the logical design. These constraints affect how the
logical design is implemented in the target device. You can use the
file to override constraints specified during design entry. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">UIM</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Universal Interconnect Matrix. The routing matrix for CPLD
devices. This fully populated switching matrix allows any output to
be routed to any input, guaranteeing 100% routability of all designs.
The UIM can also function as a very wide AND gate, which can allow
more logic to be placed in macrocells.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">UIM_AND function</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An AND gate created from the inherent wired-AND structure of
the UIM. It requires no macrocell resources. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">UIM feedback</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
UIM feedback specifies that the associated signal comes from
the macrocell and not from the device pin. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">unbonded</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
An IOB used for internal logic only. This element does not
have an external package pin. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Unified Libraries</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A set of logic macros and functions that are used to define
the logic of a design. The elements are compatible across families
and schematic and HDL editors. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">unit load</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A measure of impedance presented to an input or output under
specified conditions.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">USB Port</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Universal Serial Bus Port is where the MultiLINX cable connects
to on the host computer.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The part on the computer to which
you can connect a MultiLINX Cable.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.22" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_V38_33" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- V -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">VCC pin</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The Power Pin. It is the supply voltage.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">vector</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div>
<ol>
<li> The logical state of a set of nodes within a circuit as a function
of time.</li>
<li> A group of signals that has been renamed for convenience during
simulation. It is similar to a bus. "Bus" refers to a group of signals
on the schematic, and "vector" refers to a group of signals during
simulation.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">verification</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The process of reading back the configuration data of a device
and comparing it to the original design to ensure that all of the
design was correctly received by the device. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">Verilog</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A commonly used Hardware Description Language (HDL) that can
be used to model a digital system at many levels of abstraction ranging
from the algorithmic level to the gate level. It is IEEE standard
1364-1995. Verilog was originally developed by Cadence Design Systems
and is now maintained by OVI. </div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Verilog file has a .v extension.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">VHDL</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHSIC an acronym for
Very High-Speed Integrated Circuits). A hardware description language
which can be used to describe the concurrent and sequential behavior
of a digital system at many levels of abstraction ranging from the
algorithmic level to the gate level. VHDL is IEEE standard 1076-1993.</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A VHDL file has a .vhd or .vhdl extension.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">VHSIC</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Very High Speed Integrated Circuit. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">VITAL</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A VHDL Intitiative Toward ASIC Libraries. A VHDL-library standard
(IEEE 1076.4) that defines standard constructs for simulation modeling,
accelerating, and improving the performance of VHDL simulators.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">VMH file</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A file containing a fitted CPLD design.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">volt</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Unit of electrical potential, potential difference, or electronic
force.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">voltage</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The potential difference between two points in an electrical
circuit.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_W38_34" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- W -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">watch list</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A list of nodes whose values are to be reported during simulation.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">waveform</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A graphical representation of a set of simulation transitions
that depicts the digital or electrical values of a node. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">wide decoder</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A wired AND gate. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">wire </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A net or a signal.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">wired-AND functions</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
AND gates and their DeMorgan equivalents produced by the inherent
structure of the UIM. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">wired-AND gate</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A symbol, as opposed to a physical gate, representing a function
generated from a wired connection of two NAND gates, for example.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">wired logic</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A wire connection between two gate outputs and providing a
specific logic function. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">wireload</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The maximum number of specified unit loads that a specified
output can drive. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">wire segment</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A metal interconnect track that is physically located on the
surface of the chip. Typically connections between two cells uses
multiple wire segments that are connected together to form an electrical
connection.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="styler-id1.1.1.2.9.3.24" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_X38_35" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- X -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">XCF </span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The XCF (Xilinx Constraints File) syntax allows you to specify
a specific constraint for the entire device (globally) or for specific
modules in your design. The syntax is basically the same as the UCF
syntax for applying constraints to nets or instances, but with an
extension to the syntax to allow constraints to be applied to specific
levels of hierarchy. The keyword MODEL defines the entity or module
that the constraint will be applied to. If a constraint is applied
to an entity or module the constraint will be applied to the each
instance of the entity or module. </div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">XFLOW</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A Xilinx command line tool that automates the Xilinx implementation
and simulation flows. XFLOW reads a design file as input as well as
a flow file and option files.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">XSI</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Xilinx Synopsys Interface. A design tool kit.</div>
</div>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">XST Command Line</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
With XST, you can run synthesis in command line mode instead
of from the Process window in the Project Navigator. To run synthesis
from the command line, you must use the executable file. If you work
on a workstation, the name of the executable is "xst".</div>
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
On a
PC, the name of the executable is "xst.exe"</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<div id="gls_r_glossary_gls_r_glossary_Y38_36" style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; hyphenate: false; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0.7em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; within-column: 7;">
- Y -</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">yield</span><div style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<div style="keep-together: 4; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The yield is the percentage of defect-free (usable) die on
a silicon wafer.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<br class="empty" />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">© Copyright 1995–2009, Xilinx®
Inc. All rights reserved.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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