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Sunday, October 21, 2018

Herbalism



Herbal Healing in Herbalism


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Phytomedicine" redirects here. For the journal, see Phytomedicine (journal).

Herbalism (also herbal medicine) is the study of botany and use of plants intended for medicinal purposes. Plants have been the basis for medical treatments through much of human history, and such traditional medicine is still widely practiced today.[1] Modern medicine makes use of many plant-derived compounds as the basis for evidence-based pharmaceutical drugs. Although phytotherapy may apply modern standards of effectiveness testing to herbs and medicines derived from natural sources, few high-quality clinical trials and standards for purity or dosage exist. The scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts.

The term, phytomedicine, may also refer to the science of pathology and damage to plants, the causes thereof, their manifestations, development, dissemination, methods for maintaining plant health, and measures used to control plant diseases and their causes.

Herbal medicine is sometimes also used to refer to paraherbalism or phytotherapy, which is the alternative and pseudoscientific practice of using of extracts of plant or animal origin as supposed medicines or health-promoting agents.[1][2][3] Phytotherapy differs from plant-derived medicines in standard pharmacology because it does not isolate and standardize the compounds from a given plant believed to be biologically active. It relies on the false belief that preserving the complexity of substances from a given plant with less processing is safer and potentially more effective. There is no evidence that either condition applies.[3] Herbal dietary supplements most often fall under this category.[2]


History
Main articles: History of herbalism and Materia medica

Archaeological evidence indicates that the use of medicinal plants dates back to the Paleolithic age, approximately 60,000 years ago. Written evidence of herbal remedies dates back over 5,000 years, to the Sumerians, who compiled lists of plants. A number of ancient cultures wrote about plants and their medical uses in books called herbals. In ancient Egypt, herbs are mentioned in Egyptian medical papyri, depicted in tomb illustrations, or on rare occasions found in medical jars containing trace amounts of herbs.[4] Among the oldest, lengthiest, and most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt, the Ebers Papyrus dates from about 1550 BC, and covers more than 700 drugs, mainly of plant origin.[5] The earliest known Greek herbals come from Theophrastus of Eresos who in the 4th c. B.C. wrote in Greek Historia Plantarum, from Diocles of Carystus who wrote during the 3rd century B.C, and from Krateuas who wrote in the 1st century B.C. Only a few fragments of these works have survived intact, but from what remains scholars have noted a large amount of overlap with the Egyptian herbals.[6] Seeds likely used for herbalism have been found in archaeological sites of Bronze Age dating from the Shang Dynasty[7] (c. 1600 BC–c. 1046 BC). Over a hundred of the 224 drugs mentioned in the Huangdi Neijing, an early Chinese medical text, are herbs.[8] Herbs also commonly featured in the medicine of ancient India, where the principal treatment for diseases was diet.[9] De Materia Medica, originally written in Greek by Pedanius Dioscorides (c. 40 – 90 AD) of Anazarbus, Cilicia, a Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist, is a particularly important example of herbal writing; it dominated for some 1500 years until the 1600s.[10]
Modern herbal medicine

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the population of some Asian and African countries presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care.[11] Pharmaceuticals are prohibitively expensive for most of the world's population, half of whom lived on less than $2 U.S. per day in 2002.[12] In comparison, herbal medicines can be grown from seed or gathered from nature for little or no cost.

Many of the pharmaceuticals currently available to physicians have a long history of use as herbal remedies, including opium, aspirin, digitalis, and quinine. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 25% of modern drugs used in the United States have been derived from plants.[11] At least 7,000 medical compounds in the modern pharmacopoeia are derived from plants.[13] Among the 120 active compounds currently isolated from the higher plants and widely used in modern medicine today, 80% show a positive correlation between their modern therapeutic use and the traditional use of the plants from which they are derived.[14]
Clinical tests

In a 2010 global survey of the most common 1000 plant-derived compounds, 156 had clinical trials published.[15] Preclinical studies (cell culture and animal studies) were reported for about one-half of the plant products, while 120 (12%) of the plants evaluated – although available in the Western market – had no rigorous studies of their properties, and five were toxic or allergenic, a finding that led the authors to conclude "their use ought to be discouraged or forbidden."[15] Nine plants evaluated in human clinical research included Althaea officinalis (marshmallow), Calendula officinalis (marigold), Centella asiatica (centella), Echinacea purpurea (echinacea), Passiflora incarnata (passionflower), Punica granatum (pomegranate), Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry), Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry), and Valeriana officinalis (valerian), although generally there were inconsistent, often negative results, and the studies were of low quality.[15]

In 2015, the Australian Government's Department of Health published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by health insurance; Herbalism was one of 17 topics evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found.[16] Establishing guidelines to assess safety and efficacy of herbal products, the European Medicines Agency provides criteria for evaluating and grading the quality of clinical research in preparing monographs about herbal products.[17] In the United States, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health of the National Institutes of Health funds clinical trials on herbal compounds, provides fact sheets evaluating the safety, potential effectiveness and side effects of many plant sources,[18] and maintains a registry of clinical research conducted on herbal products.[19]

According to Cancer Research UK, "there is currently no strong evidence from studies in people that herbal remedies can treat, prevent or cure cancer".[20]
Prevalence of use

The use of herbal remedies is more prevalent in patients with chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, asthma and end-stage renal disease.[21][22][23] Multiple factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, education and social class are also shown to have association with prevalence of herbal remedies use.[24]

A survey released in May 2004 by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health focused on who used complementary and alternative medicines (CAM), what was used, and why it was used. The survey was limited to adults, aged 18 years and over during 2002, living in the United States. According to this survey, herbal therapy, or use of natural products other than vitamins and minerals, was the most commonly used CAM therapy (18.9%) when all use of prayer was excluded.[25][26]

Herbal remedies are very common in Europe. In Germany, herbal medications are dispensed by apothecaries (e.g., Apotheke). Prescription drugs are sold alongside essential oils, herbal extracts, or herbal teas. Herbal remedies are seen by some as a treatment to be preferred to pure medical compounds that have been industrially produced.[27]

In India the herbal remedy is so popular that the government of India has created a separate department—AYUSH—under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. The National Medicinal Plants Board was also established in 2000 by the Indian government in order to deal with the herbal medical system.[28]
Herbal preparations

There are many forms in which herbs can be administered, the most common of which is in the form of a liquid that is drunk by the patient—either an herbal tea or a (possibly diluted) plant extract.[29]

Several methods of standardization may be determining the amount of herbs used. One is the ratio of raw materials to solvent. However different specimens of even the same plant species may vary in chemical content. For this reason, thin layer chromatography is sometimes used by growers to assess the content of their products before use. 

Another method is standardization on a signal chemical.[30]

Leaves of Eucalyptus olida being packed into a steam distillation unit to gather its essential oil.

Herbal teas, or tisanes, are the resultant liquid of extracting herbs into water, though they are made in a few different ways. Infusions are hot water extracts of herbs, such as chamomile or mint, through steeping. Decoctions are the long-term boiled extracts, usually of harder substances like roots or bark. Maceration is the cold infusion of plants with high mucilage-content, such as sage or thyme. To make macerates, plants are chopped and added to cold water. They are then left to stand for 7 to 12 hours (depending on herb used). For most macerates, 10 hours is used.[31]

Tinctures are alcoholic extracts of herbs, which are generally stronger than herbal teas.[32] Tinctures are usually obtained by combining 100% pure ethanol (or a mixture of 100% ethanol with water) with the herb. A completed tincture has an ethanol percentage of at least 25% (sometimes up to 90%).[31] Herbal wine and elixirs are alcoholic extract of herbs, usually with an ethanol percentage of 12–38%.[31] Extracts include liquid extracts, dry extracts, and nebulisates. Liquid extracts are liquids with a lower ethanol percentage than tinctures. They are usually made by vacuum distilling tinctures. Dry extracts are extracts of plant material that are evaporated into a dry mass. They can then be further refined to a capsule or tablet.[31]

The exact composition of an herbal product is influenced by the method of extraction. A tea will be rich in polar components because water is a polar solvent. Oil on the other hand is a non-polar solvent and it will absorb non-polar compounds. Alcohol lies somewhere in between.[29]

A herb shop in the souk of Marrakesh, Morocco

Many herbs are applied topically to the skin in a variety of forms. Essential oil extracts can be applied to the skin, usually diluted in a carrier oil. Many essential oils can burn the skin or are simply too high dose used straight; diluting them in olive oil or another food grade oil such as almond oil can allow these to be used safely as a topical. Salves, oils, balms, creams and lotions are other forms of topical delivery mechanisms. Most topical applications are oil extractions of herbs. Taking a food grade oil and soaking herbs in it for anywhere from weeks to months allows certain phytochemicals to be extracted into the oil. This oil can then be made into salves, creams, lotions, or simply used as an oil for topical application. Many massage oils, antibacterial salves, and wound healing compounds are made this way.[33][citation needed]

Inhalation, as in aromatherapy, can be used as a treatment.[34][35][36]
Safety...


For partial list of herbs with known adverse effects, see List of herbs with known adverse effects.



Datura stramonium
has been used in Ayurveda for various treatments, but contains alkaloids, such as atropine and scopolamine, which may cause severe toxicity.[37]

A number of herbs are thought to be likely to cause adverse effects.[38] Furthermore, "adulteration, inappropriate formulation, or lack of understanding of plant and drug interactions have led to adverse reactions that are sometimes life threatening or lethal.[39]" Proper double-blind clinical trials are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of each plant before they can be recommended for medical use.[40] Although many consumers believe that herbal medicines are safe because they are "natural", herbal medicines and synthetic drugs may interact, causing toxicity to the patient. Herbal remedies can also be dangerously contaminated, and herbal medicines without established efficacy, may unknowingly be used to replace medicines that do have corroborated efficacy.[41]

Standardization of purity and dosage is not mandated in the United States, but even products made to the same specification may differ as a result of biochemical variations within a species of plant.[42] Plants have chemical defense mechanisms against predators that can have adverse or lethal effects on humans. Examples of highly toxic herbs include poison hemlock and nightshade.[43] They are not marketed to the public as herbs, because the risks are well known, partly due to a long and colorful history in Europe, associated with "sorcery", "magic" and intrigue.[44] Although not frequent, adverse reactions have been reported for herbs in widespread use.[45] On occasion serious untoward outcomes have been linked to herb consumption. A case of major potassium depletion has been attributed to chronic licorice ingestion.,[46] and consequently professional herbalists avoid the use of licorice where they recognize that this may be a risk. Black cohosh has been implicated in a case of liver failure.[47] Few studies are available on the safety of herbs for pregnant women,[48] and one study found that use of complementary and alternative medicines are associated with a 30% lower ongoing pregnancy and live birth rate during fertility treatment.[49] Examples of herbal treatments with likely cause-effect relationships with adverse events include aconite, which is often a legally restricted herb, ayurvedic remedies, broom, chaparral, Chinese herb mixtures, comfrey, herbs containing certain flavonoids, germander, guar gum, liquorice root, and pennyroyal.[50] Examples of herbs where a high degree of confidence of a risk long term adverse effects can be asserted include ginseng, which is unpopular among herbalists for this reason, the endangered herb goldenseal, milk thistle, senna, against which herbalists generally advise and rarely use, aloe vera juice, buckthorn bark and berry, cascara sagrada bark, saw palmetto, valerian, kava, which is banned in the European Union, St. John's wort, Khat, Betel nut, the restricted herb Ephedra, and Guarana.[39]

There is also concern with respect to the numerous well-established interactions of herbs and drugs.[39] In consultation with a physician, usage of herbal remedies should be clarified, as some herbal remedies have the potential to cause adverse drug interactions when used in combination with various prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals, just as a patient should inform a herbalist of their consumption of orthodox prescription and other medication.[citation needed]

For example, dangerously low blood pressure may result from the combination of an herbal remedy that lowers blood pressure together with prescription medicine that has the same effect. Some herbs may amplify the effects of anticoagulants.[51] Certain herbs as well as common fruit interfere with cytochrome P450, an enzyme critical to much drug metabolism.[52]

In a 2018 study, FDA identified active pharmaceutical additives in over 700 of analyzed dietary supplements sold as "herbal", "natural" or "traditional".[53] The undisclosed additives included "unapproved antidepressants and designer steroids", as well as prescription drugs, such as sildenafil or sibutramine.
Labeling accuracy

A 2013 study found that one-third of herbal supplements sampled contained no trace of the herb listed on the label.[42] The study found products adulterated with contaminants or fillers not listed on the label, including potential allergens such as soy, wheat, or black walnut. One bottle labeled as St. John's Wort was found to actually contain Alexandrian senna, a laxative.[42][54]

Researchers at the University of Adelaide found in 2014 that almost 20 per cent of herbal remedies surveyed were not registered with the Therapeutic Goods Administration, despite this being a condition for their sale.[55] They also found that nearly 60 per cent of products surveyed had ingredients that did not match what was on the label. Out of 121 products, only 15 had ingredients that matched their TGA listing and packaging.[55]

In 2015, the New York Attorney General issued cease and desist letters to four major U.S. retailers (GNC, Target, Walgreens, and Walmart) who were accused of selling herbal supplements that were mislabeled and potentially dangerous.[56][57] Twenty-four products were tested by DNA barcoding as part of the investigation, with all but five containing DNA that did not match the product labels.

Practitioners of herbalism

A herbalist gathers the flower heads of Arnica montana.

Herbalists must learn many skills, including the wildcrafting or cultivation of herbs, diagnosis and treatment of conditions or dispensing herbal medication, and preparations of herbal medications. Education of herbalists varies considerably in different areas of the world. Lay herbalists and traditional indigenous medicine people generally rely upon apprenticeship and recognition from their communities in lieu of formal schooling.[citation needed]

In some countries formalized training and minimum education standards exist, although these are not necessarily uniform within or between countries. For example, in Australia the currently self-regulated status of the profession (as of April 2008) results in different associations setting different educational standards, and subsequently recognising an educational institution or course of training. The National Herbalists Association of Australia is generally recognised as having the most rigorous professional standard within Australia.[58] In the United Kingdom, the training of medical herbalists is done by state funded Universities. For example, Bachelor of Science degrees in herbal medicine are offered at Universities such as University of East London, Middlesex University, University of Central Lancashire, University of Westminster, University of Lincoln and Napier University in Edinburgh at the present.[33][citation needed]
Government regulations

The World Health Organization (WHO), the specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health, published Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials in 1998 in order to support WHO Member States in establishing quality standards and specifications for herbal materials, within the overall context of quality assurance and control of herbal medicines.[59]

In the European Union (EU), herbal medicines are regulated under the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products.[60]

In the United States, herbal remedies are regulated dietary supplements by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) policy for dietary supplements.[61] Manufacturers of products falling into this category are not required to prove the safety or efficacy of their product so long as they do not make 'medical' claims or imply uses other than as a 'dietary supplement', though the FDA may withdraw a product from sale should it prove harmful.[62][63]

Canadian regulations are described by the Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate which requires an eight-digit Natural Product Number or Homeopathic Medicine Number on the label of licensed herbal medicines or dietary supplements.[64]

Some herbs, such as cannabis and coca, are outright banned in most countries though coca is legal in most of the South American countries where it is grown. The Cannabis plant is used as an herbal medicine, and as such is legal in some parts of the world. Since 2004, the sales of ephedra as a dietary supplement is prohibited in the United States by the FDA,[65] and subject to Schedule III restrictions in the United Kingdom.
Scientific criticism

Herbalism has been criticized as a potential "minefield" of unreliable product quality, safety hazards, and potential for misleading health advice.[1][2] Globally, there are no standards across various herbal products to authenticate their contents, safety or efficacy,[42] and there is generally an absence of high-quality scientific research on product composition or effectiveness for anti-disease activity.[2][66] Presumed claims of therapeutic benefit from herbal products, without rigorous evidence of efficacy and safety, receive skeptical views by scientists.[1]

Unethical practices by some herbalists and manufacturers, which may include false advertising about health benefits on product labels or literature,[2] and contamination or use of fillers during product preparation,[42][67] may erode consumer confidence about services and products.[68][69]

Phytotherapy:


An example of a 'phytotherapeutic' compound: the bark of the cinchona tree contains quinine, which today is a widely prescribed treatment for malaria, especially in countries that cannot afford to purchase more expensive antimalarial drugs

Paraherbalism or phytotherapy is the pseudoscientific use of extracts of plant or animal origin as supposed medicines or health-promoting agents.[1][2][3] Phytotherapy differs from plant-derived medicines in standard pharmacology because it does not isolate and standardize the compounds from a given plant believed to be biologically active. It relies on the false belief that preserving the complexity of substances from a given plant with less processing is safer and potentially more effective, for which there is no evidence either condition applies.[3]

Phytochemical researcher Varro Eugene Tyler described paraherbalism as "faulty or inferior herbalism based on pseudoscience", using scientific terminology but lacking scientific evidence for safety and efficacy. Tyler listed ten fallacies that distinguished herbalism from paraherbalism, including claims that there is a conspiracy to suppress safe and effective herbs, herbs can not cause harm, that whole herbs are more effective than molecules isolated from the plants, herbs are superior to drugs, the doctrine of signatures (the belief that the shape of the plant indicates its function) is valid, dilution of substances increases their potency (a doctrine of the pseudoscience of homeopathy), astrological alignments are significant, animal testing is not appropriate to indicate human effects, anecdotal evidence is an effective means of proving a substance works and herbs were created by God to cure disease. Tyler suggests that none of these beliefs have any basis in fact.[70][3]

Closely related to herbalism, phytotherapy is the intended medical use of plants and plant extracts for therapeutic purposes.[71][72][73] A possible differentiation with herbalism is that phytotherapy may require constituents in the plant extract be standardized by adhering to a minimum content of one or several active compounds in the therapeutic product.[71]

Modern phytotherapy may use conventional methods to assess herbal drug quality, but more typically relies on modern processes like high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography, ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry or atomic absorption spectroscopy to identify species, measure bacteriological contamination, assess potency, and create Certificates of Analysis for the material.[74] Phytotherapy is distinct from homeopathy and anthroposophic medicine, and avoids mixing plant and synthetic bioactive substances. Phytotherapy is regarded by some as traditional medicine.[73]

Traditional systems See also: Traditional medicine


Ready to drink macerated medicinal liquor with goji berry, tokay gecko, and ginseng, for sale at a traditional medicine market in Xi'an.
Africa
Main article: Traditional African medicine

Up to 80% of the population in Africa uses traditional medicine as primary health care.[75]
Americas

Native Americans medicinally used about 2,500 of the approximately 20,000 plant species that are native to North America.[76] 
 
 
Some researchers trained in both western and traditional Chinese medicine have attempted to deconstruct ancient medical texts in the light of modern science. One idea is that the yin-yang balance, at least with regard to herbs, corresponds to the pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant balance. This interpretation is supported by several investigations of the ORAC ratings of various yin and yang herbs.[77][78]
India

In India, Ayurvedic medicine has quite complex formulas with 30 or more ingredients, including a sizable number of ingredients that have undergone "alchemical processing", chosen to balance dosha.[79]

In Ladakh, Lahul-Spiti and Tibet, the Tibetan Medical System is prevalent, also called the 'Amichi Medical System'. Over 337 species of medicinal plants have been documented by C.P. Kala. Those are used by Amchis, the practitioners of this medical system.[80][81]

In Tamil Nadu, Tamils have their own medicinal system now popularly called Siddha medicine. The Siddha system is entirely in the Tamil language. It contains roughly 300,000 verses covering diverse aspects of medicine. This work includes herbal, mineral and metallic compositions used as medicine. Ayurveda is in Sanskrit, but Sanskrit was not generally used as a mother tongue and hence its medicines are mostly taken from Siddha and other local traditions.[82]

Indonesia

Different types of Indonesian jamu herbal medicines held in bottles.

In Indonesia, especially among the Javanese, the jamu traditional herbal medicine is an age old tradition preserved for centuries. Jamu is thought to have originated in the Mataram Kingdom era, some 1300 years ago.[83] The bas-reliefs on Borobudur depicts the image of people grinding herbs with stone mortar and pestle, a drink seller, a physician and masseuse treating their clients.[84] All of these scenes might be interpreted as a traditional herbal medicine and health-related treatments in ancient Java. The Madhawapura inscription from Majapahit period mentioned a specific profession of herbs mixer and combiner (herbalist), called Acaraki.[84] The medicine book from Mataram dated from circa 1700 contains 3,000 entries of jamu herbal recipes, while Javanese classical literature Serat Centhini (1814) describes some jamu herbal concoction recipes.[84]

Though highly possible influenced by Indian Ayurveda system, Indonesia is a vast archipelago with numerous indigenous plants not to be found in India, which include plants similar to Australia beyond the Wallace Line. Indonesians might experimented and figure out the medicinal uses of these native herbal plants. Jamu may vary from region to region, and often not written down, especially in remote areas of the country.[85] Although primarily herbal, materials acquired from animals, such as honey, royal jelly, milk and ayam kampung eggs are also often used in jamu.
Herbal philosophy and spiritual practices

This article is part of a series on
Fringe medicine and medical conspiracy theories




According to Eisenburg: “The Chinese and Western medical models are like two frames of reference in which identical phenomena are studied. Neither frame of reference provides an unobstructed view of health and illness. Each is incomplete and in need of refinement." Specifically, the traditional Chinese medical model could effect change on the recognized and expected phenomena of detachment to patients unique to the clinical relationships between patient and physician of the Western school of medicine.[86]

Four approaches to the use of plants as medicine include:[87]
The magical/shamanic— Almost all societies, with the exception of cultures influenced by Western-style industrialization, recognize this kind of use. The practitioner is regarded as endowed with gifts or powers that allow him/her to use herbs in a way that is hidden from the average person, and the herbs are said to affect the spirit or soul of the person.
The energetic— This approach includes the major systems of traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, and Unani. Herbs are regarded as having actions in terms of their energies and affecting the energies of the body. The practitioner may have extensive training, and ideally be sensitive to energy, but need not have supernatural powers.
The functional dynamic— This approach was used by early physiomedical practitioners, whose doctrine forms the basis of contemporary practice in the UK. Herbs have a functional action, which is not necessarily linked to a physical compound, although often to a physiological function, but there is no explicit recourse to concepts involving energy.
The chemical— Modern phytotherapists attempt to explain herb actions in terms of their chemical constituents. It is generally assumed that the specific combination of secondary metabolites in the plant are responsible for the activity claimed or demonstrated, a concept called synergy.

Herbalists tend to use extracts from parts of plants, such as the roots or leaves but not isolate particular phytochemicals.[88] Pharmaceutical medicine prefers single ingredients on the grounds that dosage can be more easily quantified. It is also possible to patent single compounds, and therefore generate income. Herbalists often reject the notion of a single active ingredient, arguing that the different phytochemicals present in many herbs will interact to enhance the therapeutic effects of the herb and dilute toxicity.[74] Furthermore, they argue that a single ingredient may contribute to multiple effects. Herbalists deny that herbal synergism can be duplicated with synthetic chemicals They argue that phytochemical interactions and trace components may alter the drug response in ways that cannot currently be replicated with a combination of a few potentially active ingredients.[89] Pharmaceutical researchers recognize the concept of drug synergism but note that clinical trials may be used to investigate the efficacy of a particular herbal preparation, provided the formulation of that herb is consistent.[90]

In specific cases the claims of synergy[91] and multifunctionality[92] have been supported by science. The open question is how widely both can be generalized. Herbalists would argue that cases of synergy can be widely generalized, on the basis of their interpretation of evolutionary history, not necessarily shared by the pharmaceutical community. Plants are subject to similar selection pressures as humans and therefore they must develop resistance to threats such as radiation, reactive oxygen species and microbial attack in order to survive.[93] Optimal chemical defenses have been selected for and have thus developed over millions of years.[94] Human diseases are multifactorial and may be treated by consuming the chemical defences that they believe to be present in herbs. Bacteria, inflammation, nutrition and reactive oxygen species may all play a role in arterial disease.[95] Herbalists claim a single herb may simultaneously address several of these factors.[96] In short herbalists view their field as the study of a web of relationships rather than a quest for single cause and a single cure for a single condition.

In selecting herbal treatments herbalists may use forms of information that are not applicable to pharmacists. Because herbs can moonlight as vegetables, teas or spices they have a huge consumer base and large-scale epidemiological studies become feasible. Ethnobotanical studies are another source of information.[97] Herbalists contend that historical medical records and herbals are underutilized resources.[98] They favor the use of convergent information in assessing the medical value of plants. An example would be when in-vitro activity is consistent with traditional use.
Uses of herbal medicines by animals
Main article: Zoopharmacognosy

Indigenous healers often claim to have learned by observing that sick animals change their food preferences to nibble at bitter herbs they would normally reject.[99] Field biologists have provided corroborating evidence based on observation of diverse species, such as chickens, sheep, butterflies, and chimpanzee. The habit[which?] has been shown to be a physical means of purging intestinal parasites. Lowland gorillas take 90%[verification needed] of their diet from the fruits of Aframomum melegueta, a relative of the ginger plant, that is a potent antimicrobial and apparently keeps shigellosis and similar infections at bay.[100] Current research focuses on the possibility that this plants also protects gorillas from fibrosing cardiomyopathy which has a devastating effect on captive animals.[101]

Sick animals tend to forage plants rich in secondary metabolites, such as tannins and alkaloids.[102] Since these phytochemicals often have antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antihelminthic properties, a plausible case can be made for self-medication by animals in the wild.[100]

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Sunday, July 1, 2018

AntArcTica In Global Warming




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West Antarctic Ice Sheet Stable?

Is West Antarctic Ice Sheet stable: Exceeding critical temperature limits in the Southern Ocean may cause the collapse of West Antarctic Ice Sheets.



A sharp rise in sea levels From the ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE, HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH and modeled certainty department: Future warming of the Southern Ocean caused by rising greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere may severely…"




Exceeding critical temperature limits in the Southern Ocean may cause the collapse of West Antarctic Ice Sheets and a sharp rise in sea levels From the ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE, HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH and modeled certainty department: Future warming of the Southern Ocean caused by rising greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere may severely…




Is West Antarctic Ice Sheet stable: West Antarctic Ice Sheet Exceeding critical temperature limits in the Southern Ocean may cause the collapse of ice sheets and a sharp rise in sea levels.




arctic Ice Sheet stable: From the ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE, HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH and modeled certainty department:



Is West Antarctic Ice Sheet stable: Future warming of the Southern Ocean caused by rising greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere may severely disrupt the stability of the West




Is West Antarctic Ice Sheet stable: The Antarctic and Greenland are covered by West Antarctic Ice Sheets, which together store more than two thirds of the world’s freshwater. As temperatures rise, ice masses melt; in consequence the global sea level rises and threatens the coastal regions.



According to scientific findings, the Antarctic already today contributes to the annual sea level rise with 0.4 millimetres.

However, the most recent world climate assessment report (IPCC 2013) pointed out that the development of the ice masses in the Antarctic is not yet sufficiently understood.

Climate modellers of the Alfred Wegener Institute have therefore analysed the changes to the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in the last interglacial period and applied their findings to future projections.




Is West Antarctic Ice Sheet stable: “Both, for the last interglacial period around 125,000 years ago and for the future our study identifies critical temperature limits in the Southern Ocean: If the ocean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius compared with today, the marine-based West Antarctic Ice Sheet will be irreversibly lost.

This will then lead to a significant Antarctic contribution to the sea level rise of some three to five metres”, explains AWI climate scientist Johannes Sutter.

This rise, however, will only occur if climate change continues as it has up to now.

The researchers make these assessments based on model simulations.




Is West Antarctic Ice Sheet stable: “Given a business-as-usual scenario of global warming, the collapse of the West Antarctic could proceed very rapidly and the West Antarctic ice masses could completely disappear within the next 1,000 years”, says Johannes Sutter, the study’s main author, who has just completed his doctoral thesis on this topic.

“The core objective of the study is to understand the dynamics of the West Antarctic during the last interglacial period and the associated rise in sea level.

It has been a mystery until now how the estimated sea level rise of a total of about seven metres came about during the last interglacial period.

Because other studies indicate that Greenland alone could not have done it”, Prof Gerrit Lohmann, the head of the research project, adds.



Is West Antarctic Ice Sheet stable: The new findings on the dynamics of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet allow conclusions to be drawn about how the West Antarctic Ice Sheet might behave in the wake of global warming.

According to model calculations, the ice masses shrink in two phases.

The first phase leads to a retreat of the ice shelves, ice masses that float on the ocean in the coastal area of the Antarctic stabilising the major glacier systems of the West Antarctic.


If the ice shelves are lost, the ice masses and glaciers of the hinterland accelerate and the ice flow into the oceans increases.

As a result, the sea level rises, the grounding line retreats, leading to a further floatation of the grounded ice masses with a progressing acceleration and retreat of the glaciers.

These will achieve a stable intermediate state only once – put simply – a mountain ridge under the ice temporarily slows down the retreat of the ice masses.


Is West Antarctic Ice Sheet stable: If the ocean temperature continues to rise or if the grounding line of the inland ice reaches a steeply ascending subsurface, then the glaciers will continue to retreat even if the initial stable intermediate state has been reached.



Ultimately, this leads to a complete collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.

“Two maxima are also apparent in the reconstructions of the sea level rise in the last interglacial period.

The behaviour of the West Antarctic in our newly developed model could be the mechanistic explanation for this”, says a delighted Johannes Sutter.



Is West Antarctic Ice Sheet stable: The climate scientists used two models in their study.

A climate model that includes various Earth system components such as atmosphere, oceans and vegetation, and a dynamic West Antarctic Ice Sheet model that includes all basic components of an West Antarctic Ice Sheet (floating ice shelves, grounded inland ice on the subsurface, the movement of the grounding line).

Two different simulations were used with the climate model for the last interglacial period to feed the West Antarctic Ice Sheet model with all the necessary climate information.



Is West Antarctic Ice Sheet stable: “One reason for the considerable uncertainties when it comes to projecting the development of the sea level is that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet does not simply rest on the continent in steady state, but rather can be subject to dramatic changes”, according to the AWI climate scientists, emphasizing the challenges involved in making good estimates.

“Some feedback processes, such as between the ice shelf areas and the ocean underneath, have not yet been incorporated into the climate models.

We at the AWI as well as other international groups are working on this full steam.”

Improving our understanding of the systematic interaction between climate and West Antarctic Ice Sheets is crucial in order to answer one of the central questions of current climate research and for future generations: How steeply and, above all, how quickly can the sea level rise in the future?

Is West Antarctic Ice Sheet stable: The result would be a rise in the global sea level by several meters.

A collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet may have occurred during the last interglacial period 125,000 years ago, a period when the polar surface temperature was around two degrees Celsius higher than today.



Is West Antarctic Ice Sheet stable: This is the result of a series of model simulations which the researchers of the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) have published on-line in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.

Saturday, June 30, 2018

Empire of Dirt #1


The Empire of Public Health and Safety





The Empire of Civil Public Health and Safety

The Empire Public Health and Safety Page dedicated to golden silence in the garden of our mind. This perpetual-constant-present-moment is an enactment of detachment from the corporeal mundane and non-corporeal multiverse environment as one mindset.

Everything experienced in the present moments solidifies our mundane and dream-state lives, and then reciprocates back into the mundane and the back again tot he dream state.One feeds upon the other in self creationism.








This, The Empire, is an unavoidable constant solidification mundane to the multiverse dream-state synchronicity in waking-dreams. The Empire is a mental state of constant lucidity manifesting the multiverse lucid dream state and mundane corporeal world as one ocean, and one mind lucidity of constant present moment.

According to the Space-Command's DSM21, (Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Psychic Development), manual of Public Health and Safety enables stellar fleet personnel safe effective O.O.B.E./astral-projection and remote-viewing.

Also warns, without hardening the human mental firewall will cause sleep deprivation illnesses of schizo-effective disorders if the visual, auditory, and sensational hallucinations.

Therefore, According the DSM21 of waking-dreams procedures, and procurement that being lucid within their waking-dream-state, will experience and induce psychic shock by default schizo-effective disorders via sleep deprivation.


This is a common manifest by irrational fears of death creating maladjusted waking-dream states. To firewall the mind a safe launch into the lucid dream-state is the only safe method approach, but be mindful what you fear may haunt you.

Irrational fears of death coincide with improperly mindfulness of fear translations.

A sluggish undisciplined mind regards non-corporeal mental-states translated as a death experience into the subconscious mind's self-preservation instinctive will slingshot the cadet returning to corporeal state setting back mental development.

This also causes sleep deprivation for cadet resonating a fear of sleep which the subconscious mind believes it is involved in a near death experience, but is not factual.

This also opposes waking-dream state experiences whereby a cadet will not recall the dream state and wake with voided memories and or fleeting memories of dream experiences.

This, The Empire, is an ancient wisdom erased from history to entrap and force the entire populations of earth into a schizo-effective prison-planet of insanity lacking cognizance of waking-dreams self-awareness and a over-all global lower IQ.

By not knowing how to fire-wall your mind by understanding irrational fears of death retards a cadets mental capacities.




The earth is known as The Empire of Dirt, and the human who are trapped their are known as dirt-eaters to the stellar-fleet personnel.

The ancients before the failed-Empires predating Sumerian civilization were the Power-DNA race, also currently known as the master-races that created monoliths of massive stone structures throughout earth’s civilizations and upon other planets in our stellar system.

This architects were quantum-entanglement geniuses and these structures are among us today in the 21st century.

Those who own earth and who secretly rule over the human populations of earth have rewritten history into fairy-tales lacking the history of advanced ancient technological civilizations,

This recreating history in manifested into story books known as religious holy-books of their own creation, and furthering their “Mastering The Human Domain" of earth.
The Empire of this master-race is of an alien powder-DNA, (PDNA), which recreated history refuses to acknowledge ancient industrialized FTL-star-traveling civilizations that currently reside in our oceans, in deep underground cities and on planets in our stellar-system.








The Empire's PDNA race is not entirely human by nature as we have been allowed to believe and-or understand.

This PDNA is far-more intense with lucidity of waking-dreams and the power of the present moment.

The PDNA is naturally occurring lucidity with memories of history, technology, and acquired knowledge of their many lost civilizations within our stellar-system,

The position of planets, stars positions, distant galaxies and far more are all encoded as if the experiences were yesterday and remembered in full.

This PDNA knowledge of advanced math, economics, ZPE technologies, and all wisdom of the ancients is kept secret from humanity as your read these words of this present moment.

These human types ounce appeared not human and are of the capensis homo-erectus species






They are an ancient remanence of a once ancient military-industrial-complex-civilization.

These, who mastered star travel same as the secret space programs now exist.  They destroyed themselves in a stellar war here in our solar-system.

The events have been recorded in the Hindu books Mahabharata (महाभारत): One of the two major ancient Sanskrit epics of India, the other being the Ramayana. 

This PDNA, known as the master-race of alien DNA survived by masking their appearance to the likeness of us homo-sapiens, us human-beings.

So they needed to copulate breeding with human race in order to hide their nearly transparent pale-white-skin, huge capensis homo-erectus heads and crystal-white-blue-green-eyes.







These PDNA sapient exist till this day and the only recorded history of them is in the Hindu ancient historic and religious writings known as the “powder-race” of super human warriors who spoke with their minds and not entirely by their lips, but both at the same-time.
The PDNA would read the minds of their enemies defeating them all before. The capensis homo-erectus would interrogate their  enemies in their dream-state and during in battle knew their every move even before their opponents did.

Only few powder race reside in the bowls of earth of northern and southern polar regions of earth.
They harness the magnetic etheric fields of earth for energy power resources.
When the breeding stock was perfected in the last breeding cycle, known as the equal sentient and were no longer noticeable by sight.
After the last procreation they spread like locusts to the four corners of this world, created all known religions with exception of the Hindi religions were and remain almost entirely untainted hidden from these ancients.







The capensis deeply despise the Hindi-Race, but they could never conquer them in wars from before their apocalypse which destroyed their military industrial civilizations of ancient times.
Till this present day they walk among us as the money changers, genealogical master race of globalist that walk by us in city streets every-day.

The pure blood capensis may be your friends, but they are all lucid in their dream from within the womb till the moment they are born.








To speak wrongly of their white skin is a crime and racist and forbidden even to mention their ethnicity, thus our Master Race of all.
These masters of the human race have star-trek level technologies known as time-space warping quantum-entanglement trans-dimensional technologies.

This technology will be used to invade earth in a preplaned false alien invasion in order to sell all who remains to real-life alien races from other worlds.
George Orwell, (a known historical published writer), was instructed by the PDNA to write a crypto globalist predictive-programming propaganda book called “1984”.

Who are the UFO aliens visiting planet earth? They Are The Aliens from within slowly evolving the human-race into extinction. 500-million earth population.






I Am Them!


'Special Thanks Donation'











Wednesday, June 27, 2018

UnSecret Space-Program

The United States Space-Force


U.S. Space-ForceWATCH ABOVE; At a public meeting of the National Space Council Monday, U.S. President Donald Trump announced the establishment of a space force as the 6th branch of the military. 

U.S. President Donald Trump, (POTUS45), has instructed the Pentagon to establish a “U.S. Military Space Force of Stellar Operations and Readiness” as the sixth branch of the American military.








The Air Force has requested a budget of US$156.3 billion for next year. It’s unclear if the price tag for Trump’s new Space Force will be identical.

The U.S. military currently consists of five branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines and Coast Guard.
“It is going to be something — so important,” Trump said.




Trump said, in a speech delivered at a meeting of the National Space Council: “When it comes to defending America, it is not enough to merely have an American presence in space,”


Trump said at the time that he first came up with the Space Force as a joke, but quickly became enamoured with the idea.

“I was saying it the other day because we are doing a tremendous amount of work in space,” he previously said. “We’ll call it the space force and I was not really serious, and then I said, ‘What a great idea. Maybe we’ll have to do that.’”




Trump ordered the U.S. Department of Defense, (USDOD), and the Pentagon to “immediately begin the process necessary to establish a Space Force defined and also known as traffic control.

 The United States of American has fallen behind in a space pesence that Russia, and Their Allies are now leading above and beyond the U.S. 

The president characterized his own announcement as a “big statement,” and added that the Space Force and the Air Force will be considered “separate but equal.”


The Air Force has requested a budget of US$156.3 billion for next year. It’s unclear if the price tag for Trump’s new Space Force will be identical.



Video HERE:

High Alert - U.S. Warns Russia On Space Superiority
Air Force Gen. John E. Hyten, commander of U.S. Strategic Command, testifies on space situational awareness before the House Armed Services Committee's strategic forces subcommittee and the House Science, Space and Technology Subcommittee in Washington, June 22, 2018.




"The Future of Humanity" is written and published by author Dr. Michio Kaku who speaks in this video above on President Trump's new space directive. 

Dr. Michio Kaku explains the importance of industry lowering cost of stellar space flight and increase the potential of mineral resource mining of asteroids, planets and recycling space junk.





An actually USAF Patch.
The Above you-tube video is SecureTeam10 channel and presents their alternative conspiracy perspective. 

 Many whistle blowers describe the existence of a military Industrial Complex space fleet currently in operation since the 1940's.


 They call it the "Secret Space Program in which this video describes why many compartmentalization test piloting programs may-be in opposition to this new 6th military branch of service not unless they merge. 




Another Real USAF Patch.

  This already existing secret-space-program will become more fluid through the "Space-Force".

Have advanced since before 1940's 2k to 50k year advanced technologies already in operations within, above and beyond our stellar-system base of operations; so they say.

  I love science-fiction is why all this intrigues me so. This is really fun to research up on and now the possibility that some of these modern mythologies of science-fiction regards the "Secret-Space-Program" makes life a little more exciting. 




 

POTUS45 said. "We must have American dominance in space… I’m hereby directing the Department of Defense and Pentagon to immediately begin the process necessary to establish a space force as the sixth branch of the armed forces…. We are going to have the Air Force, and we are going to have the space force. Separate, but equal. It is going to be something so important.:

Trump then commanded General Joseph Dunford, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to “carry that assignment out.”

Trump’s stance is at odds with previous statements by the U.S. Air Force Secretary, Air Force Chief of Staff, and James Mattis, Secretary of Defense, who all came out in opposition to a Congressional initiative in 2017 to establish a Space Corps. Mattis wrote in a letter:

I oppose the creation of a new military service and additional organizational layers at a time when we are focused on reducing overhead and integrating joint warfighting efforts.

Trump’s initiative thereby stands out since he has gone against the recommendations of his most senior military advisors.



In Depth - Space Force



The United States of America will soon have a separate Space Command, that will better organise and advance the military's vast operations in space. The Space Command is expected to improve the US military’s technological advances in space. Today in IN DEPTH we go into the details of what is the US Space Command ... what was the need to create it.

Trump announced today in a speech and confirmed a 6th branch of the military called the "Space Force".

The "secret space program" whistle-blower and wiki-type leakers are claiming that they have been validated by saying that this new Space Force is the "Secret-Space-Program that they have making money off of all long.

So in this video topics mention will be discussed and the main stream media's reaction along with twitters tweets on this new breaking subject in this video.