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Tuesday, January 11, 2022

Dell Precision Series, Model, Release-Date, CPU, Chipset, RAM-Max, GPU, Storage, Screen (Reference)

Dell Precision Series, Model, Release-Date, CPU, Chipset, RAM-Max, GPU, Storage, Screen (Reference) 

3000, 5000, 7000 Series (2015–current)


Dell-Latitude Series

Dell announced a new series of Latitude laptops in August 2013: the 3000 series, the 5000 series and the 7000 series. In October 2015, Dell announced the first generation of Precision mobile workstations of this series with model numbers 3510, 5510, 7510 and 7710. In January 2017, Dell announced the second generation laptops in this series with model numbers 3520, 5520, 7520 and 7720. In April 2018, Dell announced the third generation of laptops in this series with model numbers 3530, 5530, 7530 and 7730. In May 2019 Dell announced the 4th Generation of the 55xx and 7xxx series mobile workstations with the release of the 5540, 7540 and 7740 models.

All first generation (xx10) Precision Series

Dell Precision laptops (except the 5510) are compatible with the E-Series Advanced Port Replicators. The second generation (xx20) Precision laptops support the E-Series docking station for the 7520 and 7720 models, but not for the 3520 and 5520 models. The third generation (xx30) Precision laptops no longer support the E-Series docking station.
ModelReleaseWeightCPUChipsetMemory (max)GraphicsStorageScreen
17.3" Ultimate
Precision 7750May 20203.13 kg (6.9 lb)i5-10400H (4 Core, 8MB Cache, 2.60 GHz to 4.60 GHz)

i7-10750H (6 Core, 12MB Cache, 2.60 GHz to 5.00 GHz)

i7-10850H (6 Core, 12MB Cache, 2.70 GHz to 5.10 GHz)

i7-10875H (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.30 GHz to 5.10 GHz)

i9-10885H (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.40 GHz to 5.30 GHz)

Xeon W-10855M (6 Core, 12MB Cache, 2.80 GHz to 5.10 GHz)

Xeon W-10885M (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.40 GHz to 5.30 GHz)

WM490128GB (ECC) 3200 MHzIntel UHD Graphics

NVIDIA Quadro T1000 (4GB GDDR6)

NVIDIA Quadro RTX 3000 (6GB GDDR6)

NVIDIA Quadro RTX 4000 (8GB GDDR6)

NVIDIA Quadro RTX 5000 (16GB GDDR6)

(4x) PCIe NVMe17.3" FHD WVA 220 nits

17.3" FHD WVA 500 nits

17.3" UHD WVA 500 nits

pointing stick dropped; reduced keyboard layout.
Precision 7740Jul 20193.08 kg (6.8 lb)i5-9400H(4 cores, 8M Cache, 2.50GHz Up to 4.30GHz)[7]

i7-9750H (6 core, 12M Cache, 2.60GHz Up to 4.50GHz)[8]

i7-9850H (6 core, 12M Cache, 2.60GHz Up to 4.60GHz)[9]

i9-9880H (8 core, 16M Cache, 2.30GHz Up to 4.80GHz)[10]

i9-9980HK (8 core, 16M Cache, 2.80GHz Up to 5.00GHz)[11]

Xeon E-2276M (6 core, 12M Cache, 2.80GHz Up to 4.70GHz)[12]

Xeon E-2286M (8 core, 16M Cache, 2.40GHz Up to 5.00GHz)[13]

CM246128GB[14] (non-ECC) 2667 MHz
64GB (ECC\non-ECC) 2667 MHz
32GB (non-ECC) 2933 MHz

DDR4 (4 slots)

Intel HD GFX

Radeon Pro WX 7130 (8GB GDDR5)

or WX 3200 (4GB GDDR5)

Nvidia Quadro RTX 3000 (6GB GDDR6)

or Quadro RTX 4000 (8GB GDDR6)

or Quadro RTX 5000 (16GB GDDR6)

(4x) PCle NVMe or

(3x) PCIe NVMe and
(1x) 2.5” HDDs (up to 8TB)
17.3" HD+ TN 1600x900

17.3" UltraSharp FHD IPS 1920x1080

17.3" UltraSharp UHD IGZO 3840x2160

Precision 7730Jun 20183.17 kg (7.0 lb)

i5-8300H (4 core)[15]
i5-8400H (4 core)[16]
i7-8750H (6 core)
i7-8850H (6 core)
i9-8950HK (6 core)
Xeon E-2176M (6 core)
Xeon E-2186M (6 core)

CM246128GB[17] (non-ECC) 2667 MHz
64GB (ECC\non-ECC) 2667 MHz
32GB (non-ECC) 2933 MHz

DDR4 (4 slots)

Intel UHD P630 or UHD 630

+ NVIDIA Quadro
P3200 (6GB GDDR5)
or P4200 (8GB GDDR5)
or P5200 (16GB GDDR5)

3 M.2 x4;

+ 1 M.2 x4 or SATA

1600x900 TN
1920×1080 IPS
3840×2160 IGZO touch
First 17" Precision with a touch screen as option; Windows 10 Pro
Precision 7720Mar 20173.42 kg (7.5 lb)

Intel Core
i5-7300HQ (4 core, 6M Cache, 2.50GHz Up to 3.50GHz)[18]
i5-7440HQ (4 core, 6M Cache, 2.80GHz Up to 3.80GHz)[19]
i7-7700HQ (4 core, 6M Cache, 2.80GHz Up to 3.80GHz)[20]
i7-7820HQ (4 core, 8M Cache, 2.90GHz Up to 3.90GHz)[21]
i7-7920HQ (4 core, 8M Cache, 3.10GHz Up to 4.10GHz)[22]


intel Xeon
E3-1505M v6 (4 core, 8M Cache, 3.00GHz Up to 4.00GHz)[23]
E3-1535M v6 (4 core, 8M Cache, 3.10GHz Up to 4.20GHz)[24]

CM238128GB (non-ECC)
64GB (ECC\non-ECC) 2400 MHz
32GB[a] (non-ECC) 2667 MHz

DDR4 (4 slots)

Intel Iris Pro P580, HD P580 or HD 630
+ Radeon Pro
WX 7100 (8GB GDDR5)
or NVIDIA Quadro
M1200 (4GB GDDR5)
or P3000 (6GB GDDR5)
or P4000 (8GB GDDR5)
or P5000 (16GB GDDR5)

2 M.2 x4;

+ 1 M.2 x4 or SATA

[25]

1600x900 TN LED
1920×1080 IPS LED
3840×2160 IGZO LED
Last Precision with a MXM slot, 7730 uses a proprietary DGFF module; Windows 10 Pro 64-bit / Ubuntu 16.04LTS
Precision 17 7000 (7710)20153.42 kg (7.5 lb)

Intel Core
i5-6300HQ
i7-6820HQ
i7-6920HQ
intel Xeon
E3-1505M
E3-1535M
E3-1545M
E3-1575M

CM236128GB (non-ECC)
64GB (ECC\non-ECC) 2133 MHz
32GB[a] (non-ECC) 2667 MHz

DDR4 (4 slots)

Intel Iris Pro P580, HD P530 or HD 530

+ AMD FirePro
W5170M (2GB GDDR5)
or W7170M (4GB GDDR5)
or NVIDIA Quadro
M3000M (4GB GDDR5)
or M4000M (4GB GDDR5)
or M5000M (8GB GDDR5)

1920×1080 IPS anti-glare LED
3840×2160 IGZO anti-glare LED

Covet Edition dropped, IPS screen reintroduced, 4K screen introduced; Windows 7 Pro 64-bit / Windows 10 / Ubuntu 14.04LTS
15.6" Ultimate
Precision 755020202.49 kg (5.5 lb)i5-10400H (4 Core, 8MB Cache, 2.60 GHz to 4.60 GHz)

i7-10750H (6 Core, 12MB Cache, 2.60 GHz to 5.00 GHz)

i7-10850H (6 Core, 12MB Cache, 2.70 GHz to 5.10 GHz)

i7-10875H (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.30 GHz to 5.10 GHz)

i9-10885H (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.40 GHz to 5.30 GHz)

Xeon W-10855M (6 Core, 12MB Cache, 2.80 GHz to 5.10 GHz)

Xeon W-10885M (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.40 GHz to 5.30 GHz)

WM490128GB (ECC) 3200 MHzIntel UHD Graphics

NVIDIA Quadro T1000 (4GB GDDR6)

NVIDIA Quadro T2000 (4GB GDDR6)

NVIDIA Quadro RTX 3000 (6GB GDDR6)

NVIDIA Quadro RTX 4000 (8GB GDDR6)

NVIDIA Quadro RTX 5000 (16GB GDDR6)

(3x) PCIe NVMe
Precision 75402019I5-9400H (4 core, 8MB Cache, 2.50 GHz to 4.30 GHz)

I7-9750H (6 core, 12MB Cache, 2.60 GHz to 4.50 GHz)

I7-9850H (6 core, 12MB Cache, 2.60 GHz to 4.60 GHz)

I9-9880H (8 core, 16MB Cache, 2.30 GHz to 4.80 GHz)

I9-9980H (8 core, 16MB Cache, 2.40 GHz to 5.00 GHz)

Xeon E-2276M (6 core, 12MB Cache, 2.80 GHz to 4.70 GHz)

Xeon E-2286M (8 core, 16MB Cache, 2.40 GHz to 5.00 GHz)

CM246Intel UHD Graphics P630

Radeon Pro WX 3200 (4GB GDDR5)

NVIDIA Quadro T1000 (4GB GDDR5)

NVIDIA Quadro T2000 (4GB GDDR5)

NVIDIA Quadro RTX 3000 (6GB GDDR6)

NVIDIA Quadro RTX 4000 (8GB GDDR6)

NVIDIA Quadro RTX 5000 (16GB GDDR6)

Precision 7530Jun 20182.6 kg (5.7 lb)

i5-8300H (4 core)
i5-8400H (4 core)
i7-8750H (6 core)
i7-8850H (6 core)
i9-8950HK (6 core)
Xeon E-2176M (6 core)
Xeon E-2186M (6 core)

CM246128GB (non-ECC) 2667 MHz
64GB (ECC\non-ECC) 2667 MHz
32GB (non-ECC) 2933 MHz

DDR4 (4 slots)

Intel UHD P630 or UHD 630

+ NVIDIA Quadro
P1000 (4GB GDDR5)
or P2000 (4GB GDDR5)
or P3200 (6GB GDDR5)

2 M.2 x4;

+ 1 M.2 x4 or SATA

1920×1080 TN
1920×1080 UltraSharp IPS
1920×1080 UltraSharp IPS touch
3840×2160 IGZO

Windows 10 Pro
Precision 7520Mar 20172.8 kg (6.2 lb)

Intel Core
i5-7300HQ
i5-7440HQ
i7-7700HQ
i7-7820HQ
i7-7920HQ
intel Xeon
E3-1505M v6
E3-1535M v6

CM238128GB (non-ECC)
64GB (ECC\non-ECC) 2400 MHz
32GB[a] (non-ECC) 2667 MHz

DDR4 (4 slots)

Intel Iris Pro P580, HD P580 or HD 630
+ Radeon Pro
WX 4130 (2GB GDDR5)
or WX 4150 (4GB GDDR5)
or NVIDIA Quadro
M1200 (4GB GDDR5)
or M2200 (4GB GDDR5)

1920×1080 IPS (Option touch)
3840×2160 IGZO anti-glare LED

Along the 7720 the last PMWs with a dock port and a MXM slot, 7530 and 7730 use the Dell proprietary DGFF video card; Windows 10 Pro 64-bit / Ubuntu 16.04LTS
Precision 15 7000 (7510)20152.79 kg (6.2 lb)

Intel Core
i5-6300HQ
i7-6820HQ
i7-6920HQ
intel Xeon
E3-1505M
E3-1535M
E3-1545M
E3-1575M

CM236128GB (non-ECC)
64GB (ECC\non-ECC) 2133 MHz
32GB[a] (non-ECC) 2667 MHz

DDR4 (4 slots)

Intel HD P530 or HD 530
+ AMD FirePro
W5170M (2GB GDDR5)
or NVIDIA Quadro
M1000M (2GB GDDR5)
or M2000M (4GB GDDR5)

1920×1080 TN anti-glare LED
1920×1080 IPS anti-glare LED
1920×1080 IPS Touch LED
3840×2160 IGZO anti-glare LED

Windows 7 Pro 64 / Windows 10 Pro 64-bit / Ubuntu 14.04LTS
15.6" Mainstream
Precision 5750May 2020
Precision 5550Jun 20201.85 kg (4.1 lb)

i5-10400H (4 core)
i7-10750H (6 core)
i7-10850H (6 core)
i7-10875H (8 core)
i7-10885H (8 core)
Xeon W-10855M(6 core)

CM24664GB (non-ECC) 2933 MHz

DDR4 (2 slots)

Intel UHD

+ NVIDIA Quadro
T1000 (4GB GDDR5)
or T2000 (4GB GDDR5)

1920×1200 IGZO

3840×2400 IGZO touch

Windows 10 Pro

First Precision since the 2010's M6500 to feature a 16:10 display
Precision 5540[26]Jul 20191.78 kg (3.9 lb)

i9-9980HK (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.40GHz to 5.00GHz)
i9-9880H (8 Core, 16MB Cache, 2.30GHz to 4.80GHz)
Xeon E-2276M (6 Core, 12M Cache, 2.80GHz to 4.70GHz)
i7-9850H (6 Core, 12M Cache, 2.60GHz to 4.6GHz Turbo)
i7-9750H (6 Core, 12M Cache, 2.60GHz to 4.5GHz Turbo)
i5-9400H (4 Core, 8M Cache, 2.50GHz to 4.3GHz Turbo)

CM24664GB (non-ECC) 2667 MHz DDR4 (2 slots)Intel UHD 630 or P630 for Xeon

+ NVIDIA Quadro T1000 w/4GB GDDR5
+ NVIDIA Quadro T2000 w/4GB GDDR5

1 x M.2 PCIe NVMe
1 x 2.5" SATA

1920×1080 Anti-Glare IPS
3840×2160 IGZO Touch
3840×2160 OLED

Precision 5530Jun 20181.78 kg (3.9 lb)

i5-8300H (4 core)
i5-8400H (4 core)
i7-8850H (6 core)
i9-8950HK (6 core)
Xeon E-2176M (6 core)

CM24664GB (non-ECC) 2667 MHz

DDR4 (2 slots; soldered in 2-in-1 version)

Intel UHD P630 or UHD 630

+ NVIDIA Quadro
P1000 (4GB GDDR5)
or P2000 (4GB GDDR5)

1920×1080 IGZO

3840×2160 IGZO touch

Windows 10 Pro

Based on the XPS 15 9570, 2-in-1 version based on a XPS 15 9575 chassis.
Precision 5520Jan 20171.78 kg (3.9 lb)

Intel Core
i5-7300HQ
i5-7440HQ
i7-7820HQ
Xeon E3-1505M v6

CM23864GB (non-ECC) 2400 MHz

DDR4 (2 slots)

Intel HD 630 or P630
+ NVIDIA Quadro
M1200 (4GB GDDR5)
1 M.2 x4;
+ 1 SATA

1920×1080 IPS anti-glare LED
3840×2160 IGZO Touch LED

Reduced usability due to shallow keyboard; Windows 10, Ubuntu 16.04 LTS, Anniversary Edition available with Abyss Black chassis
Precision 15 5000 (5510)20151.78 kg (3.9 lb)Intel core i5-6300HQ
i7-6820HQ

Xeon E3-1505M v5

CM23664GB (non-ECC) 2133 MHz
DDR4 (2 slots)
Intel HD 530 or P530
+ NVIDIA Quadro M1000M (2GB GDDR5)
1 x M.2 PCIe NVMe;
+ 1 x 2.5" SATA (requires smaller 56Wh battery)

1920×1080 IPS anti-glare LED
3840×2160 IGZO Touch LED

Reduced usability due to shallow keyboard and narrowed size of Enter/Return key; Windows 7 Pro 64, Windows 10, Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
15.6" Entry-level
Precision 3560Jan 2021
Precision 3551May 2020
Precision 3550May 2020
Precision 3541
Precision 35402019
Precision 3530Jun 20182.03 kg (4.5 lb)

Intel core
i5-8300H (4 core)
i5-8400H (4 core)
i7-8750H (6 core)
i7-8850H (6 core)
Xeon E-2176M (6 core)

CM24664GB (non-ECC)
32GB (ECC\non-ECC) 2400 MHz or
32GB (non-ECC) 2667 MHz

DDR4 (2 slots)

Intel UHD 630 or UHD P630
+ NVIDIA Quadro P600 (4GB GDDR5)
1 M.2 x4;

+ 1 M.2 x4 or SATA

Windows 10 Pro
Ubuntu 16.04

1366×768 TN
1920×1080 IPS
1920×1080 IPS touch

Precision 3520Jan 20172.21 kg (4.9 lb)Intel core i5 (7440HQ, 7300HQ)

i7 (7700HQ, 7820HQ)
Xeon E3-1505M v6

CM23864GB (non-ECC)
32GB (ECC\non-ECC) 2400 MHz

DDR4 (2 slots)

Intel HD 630 or P630
+ NVIDIA Quadro M620 (2GB GDDR5)

1366×768 TN LED
1920×1080 IPS LED
1920×1080 Touch LED

Trackpoint is optional; based on a Latitude 5580 chassis. Windows 10, Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
Precision 15 3000 (3510)20152.23 kg (4.9 lb)

Intel core i5 (6300HQ)
i7 (6700HQ, 6820HQ)
Xeon E3-1505M v5

CM23664GB (non-ECC)
32GB (ECC\non-ECC) 2133 MHz

DDR4 (2 slots)

Intel HD 530 or P530
+ AMD FirePro W5130M (2GB GDDR5)

1366×768 TN anti-glare LED
1920×1080 IPS anti-glare LED
1920×1080 Touch anti-glare LED

Windows 7 Pro 64, Windows 10, Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
  1. Jump up to:a b c d max 8GB per slot

Precision Mobile Thin & Light (XPS 15 based) (2013-2015)[edit]

ModelReleaseWeightCPUChipsetMemory (max)GraphicsStorageScreen
15,6" Ultraportable
Precision
M3800 (2015)
Jan 20151.88 kg (4.1 lb)Intel Core
i7-4712HQ (4 x 2.3 GHz, 6 MB L3)
Intel HM8716 GB DDR3L (2 slots) 1600 MHzNVIDIA Quadro K1100M (2GB GDDR5)1 mSATA;
Option + 1 SATA
1920x1080 touch
3840x2160 IGZO touch
Re-launched with an Intel i7 (4712HQ) processor, adds Thunderbolt 2, and an option for 4k Ultra HD Ultratouch display.[27]
Precision
M3800
Nov 20131.88 kg (4.1 lb)Intel Core
i7-4702HQ (4 x 2.2 GHz, 6 MB L3)
Intel HM8716 GB DDR3L (2 slots) 1600 MHzNVIDIA Quadro K1100M (2GB GDDR5)1 mSATA;
Option + 1 SATA
1920x1080
3200x1800 touch
Identical case to the XPS 15 (9530)[28]

Latitude E Series based (2008-2014)[edit]

Precision M4500

Dell launched the E Series of laptops on August 12, 2008 with a collection of Latitude (E4200, E5400, E5500, E6400, E6500, E6400 ATG/XFR) and Precision (M4400, M2400) computers.[29] Both the Latitude and Precision computers are compatible with the new E Series docking stations (E-Port and E-Port Plus). Notably, the 17" models do not share a chassis with the Inspiron series anymore, and starting with the M4600 the 15" Precisions do not share a Latitude chassis either. QHD, UHD and RGBLED IPS models have a disabled iGPU. This has several downsides: the power consumption during low load is high and thus the battery runtimes clearly suffer despite the high-capacity battery, and Intel's QuickSync Video cannot be used. AMD GPU equipped models before the M4800/M6800 also do not support AMD Enduro Switchable Graphics.

ModelReleaseWeightCPU SocketCPUChipsetMemory (max)Graphics[a]StorageScreen
17" Ultimate
Precision M6800Sep 20133.57 kg (7.9 lb)G3Intel Core i5 (4200M, 4300M),

i7 (4600M, 4700MQ, 4800MQ, 4810MQ, 4900MQ, 4910MQ, 4930MX, 4940MX)[30]

Intel QM8732 GB (4 slots for 4 cores)
16 GB (2 slots for 2 cores)
DDR3L 1600 MHz

(or 16 GB of 1866 MHz)

intel HD 4600
+ AMD FirePro M6100 (2 GB GDDR5) or NVIDIA Quadro
K3100M (4 GB GDDR5)
or K4100M (4 GB GDDR5)
or K5100M (8 GB GDDR5)
2+1 2.5" SATA
+ 1 mSATA
17.3"
1600×900 TN
1920×1080 TN
Along with the M4800 the last Precision Mobile Workstations with upgradeable processors. IPS panel option dropped; also eDP connector don't factory fitted on a motherboard
Precision M6700Aug 20123.42 kg (7.5 lb)G2Intel Core i5 (3360M, 3320M),

Core i7 (3920XM, 3520M, 3820QM, 3720QM)

Intel QM7732 GB (4 slots for 4 cores)
16 GB (2 slots for 2 cores)
DDR3L 1600 MHz

(or 16 GB of 1866 MHz)

Intel HD 4000
+ AMD FirePro M6000 (2 GB GDDR5) or NVIDIA Quadro
K3000M (2 GB GDDR5)
or K4000M (4 GB GDDR5)
or K5000M (4 GB GDDR5)
2+1 2.5" SATA
+ 1 mSATA
17.3"
1600×900 TN
1920×1080 TN
(opt. 10-point multitouch)
1920x1080 IPS RGBLED
First model with 3D display, nVidia 3D Vision Pro support. Only two memory slots usable with dual-core CPUs (slots under keyboard are blanked off with a plastic spacer). Last Precision with a RGBLED display option
Precision M6600May 20113.42 kg (7.5 lb)G2Intel Core i5 (2540M, 2520M),
i7 (2620M, 2720QM, 2820QM, 2920XM)[31]
Intel QM6732 GB (4 slots for 4 cores)
16 GB (2 slots for 2 cores)
DDR3 1600 MHz
Intel HD 3000[b]
+ AMD FirePro M8900 (2 GB GDDR5)
or NVIDIA Quadro
3000M (2 GB GDDR5)
or 4000M (2 GB GDDR5)
or 5010M (4 GB GDDR5)
2+1 2.5" SATA
+ 1 mSATA
17.3"
1600Ñ…900 TN
1920x1080 TN
(opt. 4-point touch)
1920x1080 IPS RGBLED
  First Precision with MXM slot and IPS display option
Precision M6500Dec 20093.81 kg (8.4 lb)Socket G1Intel Core i5 (560M, 580M, 640M),

i7 (740QM, 840QM, 920XM, 940XM)[32]

Intel PM5532 GB (4 slots for 4-core CPUs)
8 GB (2 slots for 2-core CPUs) DDR3 1333 MHz
ATI FirePro M7820 / M7740 (1 GB)
or NVIDIA Quadro
FX 2800M / FX 3800M (1 GB)
or 5000M[c] (2 GB)
2 2.5" SATA
+ 1 mSATA
16:10 aspect ratio

17"
1440x900 TN

1920x1200 TN LED
1920x1200 TN RGBLED

There is a fairly common complaint about Nvidia GPU equipped M6500's freezing or locking up on a black/blue screen, which can be attributed to various faulty components,[33] although one workaround is to disable PowerMizer.[34] Complaints about the touchpad malfunctioning have also been noted. First Precision with a mSATA slot and USB 3.0.
Covet Edition available, last Covet Edition to use the Burnt Orange colored case. i5 models only have two memory slots, i7 models have four. i7-QM/XM equipped M6500's with a two DIMM slot motherboard support a maximum of 16GB RAM.
Precision M6400Sept 20083.87 kg (8.5 lb)Socket P Intel
Core 2 Duo/Extreme/Quad
Intel Q4316 GB DDR3 1066 (4 slots)NVIDIA Quadro
FX 2700M (512 MB)
or FX 3700M (1 GB)
or ATI FirePro M7740
2 2.5" SATA16:10 aspect ratio

17"
1440x900 TN
1920x1200 TN CCFL
1920x1200 RGBLED
Covet Edition variant available with edge-to-edge display and Burnt Orange colored case
15" Ultimate
Precision M4800Oct 20132.88 kg (6.3 lb)G3Intel Core i7 (4600M, 4700MQ, 4800MQ, 4810MQ, 4900MQ, 4910MQ, 4930MX, 4940MX)
Core i5 (4200M, 4300M)[35]
Intel QM8732 GB (4 slots for 4 cores)
16 GB (2 slots for 2 cores)
DDR3L 1600 MHz

(or 16 GB of 1866 MHz)

Intel HD 4600
+AMD FirePro M5100 (2 GB GDDR5) or NVIDIA Quadro
K1100M (2 GB GDDR5)
or K2100M (2 GB GDDR5)
1+1 2.5" SATA
+ 1 mSATA
15.6"
1920x1080
QHD 3200*1800 IGZO Sharp
from 2014 UHD 3840x2160 IGZO Sharp
QHD and UHD models have a disabled iGPU.
Precision M4700Aug 20122.87 kg (6.3 lb)G2Intel Core i7 (3940XM, 3920XM, 3840QM, 3820QM, 3740QM, 3720QM, 3520M)
Core i5 (3360M, 3320M)
Intel QM7732 GB (4 slots for 4 cores)
16 GB (2 slots for 2 cores)
DDR3L 1600 MHz

(or 16 GB of 1866 MHz) [36]

Intel HD 4000
+AMD FirePro M4000 (1 GB GDDR5)
or NVIDIA Quadro
K1000M (2 GB DDR3[d])
or K2000M (2 GB DDR3[d])
1+1 2.5" SATA
+ 1 mSATA
15.6"
1366x768 TN
1920Ñ…1080 TN
Only two memory connectors with Intel Core i5-3320M/3360M or Intel Core i7-3520M.
Precision M4600May 20112.87 kg (6.3 lb)G2Intel Core i5 (2540M, 2520M),
i7 (2620M, 2720QM, 2820QM, 2920XM) [37]
Intel QM6732 GB (4 slots for 4 cores)
16 GB (2 slots for 2 cores)
DDR3 1600 MHz
Intel HD 3000[b]
+ AMD FirePro M5950 (1 GB GDDR5)
or NVIDIA Quadro
1000M (2 GB GDDR5)
or 2000M (2 GB DDR3[d])
1+1 2.5" SATA
+ 1 mSATA
15.6"
1366x768 TN
(opt. touch)
1920Ñ…1080 TN
1920Ñ…1080 IPS RGBLED
Precision M4500May 20102.73 kg (6.0 lb)Socket G1Intel Core i5/i7
Clarksfield/Arrandale
Intel QM5716 GB DDR3 1333 MHz (2 slots)NVIDIA Quadro FX 880M / 1800M (1 GB DDR3[d])1+1 2.5" SATA
+ 1 mSATA
15.6"
1366Ñ…768 TN
1600x900
1920Ñ…1080
First Precision with a 16:9 display; based on the Latitude E6510 chassis
Precision M4400Aug 20082.69 kg (5.9 lb)Socket PCore 2 Duo/Extreme/Quad
Penryn/Penryn XE/Penryn-QC
Intel PM458 GB DDR2 800 MHz (2 slots)NVIDIA Quadro
FX 770M 512 MB
or 1700M 512 MB
1+1 2.5" SATA16:10 aspect ratio

15.4"

1920x1200 RGBLED

1920x1200 CCFL

1440x900 WLED

1280x800 CCFL

Same chassis as the Latitude E6500, FX 1700M is in fact an overclocked 770M[38][39]
Entry-level
Precision M2800May 20142.9 kg (6.4 lb)G3Intel Core i5-4200M,
i7-4610M, i7-4810MQ
Intel QM8716 GB DDR3L 1600 MHz (2 slots)Intel HD 4600
+ AMD FirePro W4170M
1+1 2.5" SATA
+ 1 mSATA
15.6"
Identical case to the Latitude E6540[40][41]
Precision M2400Aug 20082.4 kg (5.3 lb)Socket PIntel Core 2 Duo
Penryn
Intel PM458 GB DDR2 800 MHz (2 slots)NVIDIA Quadro FX 370M1 2.5"

SATA

16:10 aspect ratio

14.1"
1280x800
1440x900
Based on Latitude E6400
  1. ^ All M4###/M6### laptops graphics options use dedicated memory.
  2. Jump up to:a b Disabled with 10-bit RGBLED IPS panel
  3. ^ The Quadro 5000M has ECC VRAM which when enabled cuts available VRAM to 1792MiB. It is also very uncommon
  4. Jump up to:a b c d NVIDIA uses DDR3 memory instead of GDDR5 memory which reduces performance in exchange for power savings

Latitude D Series based (2003-2007)[edit]

These Precision models were released at roughly the same time as their D-series Latitude counterparts. They are compatible with the D-series docking stations, and there are various accessories that are interchangeable with other Dell models, such as the battery or CD drive, depending on the Precision model. Some of these models (especially those made around ~2005-2007) with NVIDIA GPUs can suffer from GPU failure.

ModelReleaseWeightCPU SocketCPUChipsetMemory (max)GraphicsStorageNotesScreenBattery
17"
Precision M6300Aug 20073.8 kg (8.4 lb)Socket PIntel Core 2 Duo Merom/Merom XE
Penryn/Penryn XE
Intel 965PM8 GB DDR2 667 MHz (2 slots)NVIDIA Quadro
FX 1600M 256 MB
or FX 3600M 512 MB
1 2.5"

SATA

Shares the same design as the Precision M9017"
Precision M9020063.9 kg (8.6 lb)Socket MMeromIntel 945PM3.25[a] GB DDR2-533/667NVIDIA Quadro FX 3500M / 2500M 512MB / 1500M 256MB1 2.5"

SATA

Based on Inspiron E1705/9400[42]
The E1705/9400 does not support a docking station.[43] The M90 supports the D-Series docking stations (PR01X or PD01X)[44]
17"Warning icon
15.4"
Precision M430020072.8 kg (6.2 lb)Socket PIntel Core 2 Duo Merom/PenrynIntel 965PM8 GB DDR2 667 MHzNVIDIA Quadro FX 360M 256 MB1 2.5"

SATA

Based on Latitude D83015.4"
Precision M6520062.8 kg (6.2 lb)Socket MMeromIntel 945PM3.25[a] GB DDR2-533/667NVIDIA Quadro FX3501 2.5"

SATA

Based on Latitude D82015.4"
Precision M7020053.03 kg (6.7 lb)Socket 479DothanIntel 915PM2 GB DDR2-400/533NVIDIA Quadro FX Go1400[b]1 2.5"

IDE

Based on Latitude D810, textured "Precision" lid15.4"Warning icon
Precision M6020033.1 kg (6.8 lb)Socket 479BaniasIntel 855PM2 GB DDRNVIDIA Quadro FX Go700 / Quadro FX Go 10001 2.5"

IDE

Based on Latitude D800, first D-Series based Precision and first Widescreen model15.4"Warning icon
14.1"
Precision M230020072.4 kg (5.3 lb)Socket PIntel Core 2 Duo Merom/PenrynIntel 965PM8 GB DDR2 667 MHzNVIDIA Quadro FX 360M1 2.5"

SATA

Based on Latitude D63014.1"
Precision M2020052.21 kg (4.9 lb)Socket 479DothanIntel 915PM2 GB DDR2-400/533ATI FireGL V31001 2.5"

IDE

Based on Latitude D610, first 14" PMW and first one with ATI FireGL GPU. Last Precision with a 4:3 screen14.1"Warning icon
  1. Jump up to:a b chipset limits usable RAM to 3.25GB (2x2 GB modules)
  2. ^ GPU failure is not uncommon on this model

Latitude C Series based (2001-2002)[edit]

These Precisions were based on the Latitude C810 and C840, which in turn were based on the Inspiron 8100 and 8200.

ModelReleaseWeightCPU SocketCPUChipsetMemory (max)GraphicsStorageNotesScreen
Precision M5020023.86 kg (8.5 lb)Socket 478NorthwoodIntel 845MP2 GB DDR 266 MHzNVIDIA Quadro4 GoGL 500/7001+2 2.5" IDELatitude C840/Inspiron 8200 based4:3 aspect ratio

15.0" 1600x1200 TN
Precision M40Nov 20013.57 kg (7.9 lb)Socket 479TualatinIntel 815512 MB[a] SDRAM 133 MHzNVIDIA Quadro2 Go1+2 2.5" IDELatitude C810/Inspiron 8100 based, first Precision Mobile Workstation4:3 aspect ratio

15.0" 1600x1200 TN
  1. ^ Chipset limits maximum RAM to 512MB (2x256 or 1x512 SDRAM 133 MHz)

Dell Precision Fixed Workstations[edit]

Single processor[edit]

ModelReleaseCPU SocketCPUFSB (MHz)ChipsetMemoryGraphics
Precision T5820[45]2017LGA 2066Xeon W Family (Skylake-W)Intel C422DDR4 ECC2x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 600W
Precision T5810[46]2014LGA 2011-3Xeon E5-1600 v4, select Intel Xeon E5-2600 v4Intel C612DDR4 ECC2x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 300W
Precision 36502021LGA 120011th gen Core i9, i7, i5

10th gen Core i3

Xeon W Family (W-1390, W-1370, W-1350)

Intel W580DDR4 ECC or Non-ECC1x PCI-E x16 Gen4, up to 350W

1x PCIe x4 Gen3

1x PCI-32

Precision 3640June 2020LGA 120010th gen Core i9, i7, i5, i3

Xeon W Family (W-1290, W-1270, W-1250)

Intel W480DDR4 ECC or Non-ECC1x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 300W

1x PCIe x4

1x PCI-32

Precision 3630[47]2018LGA 11519th gen Core i9(K), i7(K)

8th gen Core i7, i5 and i3

Xeon E Family (Coffee Lake)

Intel C246DDR4 ECC or Non-ECC1x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 265W
Precision T3620[48]2016LGA 11517th gen Core i7, i5,
6th gen Core i7, i5 and i3;
Xeon E3-1200 v5
Intel C236DDR4 ECC or Non-ECC1x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 150W
Precision T3420[49]2016LGA 11517th gen Core i7, i5,
6th gen Core i7, i5 and i3;
Xeon E3-1200 v5
Intel C236DDR4 ECC or Non-ECC1x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 50W
Precision T3610[50]2013LGA 2011Xeon E5-1600 v2 or E5-2600 v2 seriesQPiIntel C602DDR3 ECC or Non-ECC2x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 300W
Precision T3600[51]2012LGA 2011Xeon E5-1600 or E5-2600 series5.0 to 8.0 GT/s QPiIntel C600DDR3 ECC or Non-ECC2x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 300W
Precision T3500[52]2010LGA 1366Xeon 3500, 5500 or 5600 series4.8 or 6.4 GT/s QPI[53]Intel X58DDR3 ECC or Non-ECC2x PCI-E x16 Gen 2, up to 150W
Precision T3400[54]2008LGA 775Core 2 (Duo or Quad or Extreme Edition)1066 or 1333Intel X38DDR2 ECC or Non-ECC2x PCI-E x16 Gen 2, up to 300W
Precision T1700[55]2013LGA 1150/Socket H3Xeon E3-1200 v3,
4th gen Core i7 and i5
QPiIntel C226DDR3 ECC or Non-ECC1x PCI-E x16 Gen 3 up to 150W
(SFF model: low-profile card up to 50W)
Precision T1650[56]2012LGA 1155/Socket H2Xeon E3-1200 v2,
3rd gen Core i5 and i7, or 2nd generation Core i3
QPiIntel C216DDR3 ECC or Non-ECC1x PCI-E x16 Gen 3 up to 75W
Precision T1600[57]2011Xeon E3-1200

2nd gen Core i5 and i7

Intel C206DDR3 ECC or Non-ECC2x PCI-E x16 Gen 2 up to 75W
Precision 390[58]2006LGA 775Core 2 (Duo or Quad or Extreme Edition)800 or 1066Intel 975DDR2 ECCPCI-E
Precision 380[59]2005LGA 775Pentium 4 or Pentium D or P4 Extreme Edition800 or 1066Intel 955DDR2 ECCPCI-E
Precision 370[60]2004LGA 775Pentium 4800Intel 925DDR2 400 Non-ECC or 533 ECCPCI-E
Precision 360[61]2003Pentium 4800Intel 875DDR333 or DDR400 ECCAGP 8X
Precision 350[62]2002Pentium 4400 or 533Intel 850ERambus PC800 & PC1066AGP 4X
Precision 340[63]2002Pentium 4400 or 533Intel 850ERambus PC800AGP 4X
Precision 330[64]2001Socket 423Pentium 4400Intel 850Rambus PC600 & PC800AGP Pro

Single processor, All-In-One form factor[edit]

ModelReleaseCPUChipsetMemoryGraphicsScreen
Precision 5720[65]20177th gen Core i7, i5,
6th gen Core i7, i5 and i3;
Xeon E3-1200 v5 or E3-1200 v6
Intel C236DDR4 ECC or Non-ECC (4 slots)AMD Radeon Pro WX 7100 (8GB GDDR5)
or Radeon Pro WX 4150 (4GB GDDR5)
27" 3840×2160 IPS

Dual processor, desktop form factor[edit]

ModelReleaseCPUFSB (MHz)ChipsetMemoryGraphics
Precision 490[a][66]2006Xeon Dual-Core 5100 or Quad-Core 5300 Series 64-bit[b]1066 or 1333Intel 5000xDDR2 ECC FB-DIMM (Quad Channel)2x PCI-E x16
Precision 470[67]2005Xeon Single or Dualcore 64-bit800Intel 7525DDR2PCI-E
Precision 450[68][69]2003Xeon533Intel 7505DDR, 3 mega flex max 8 GB ECC unbufAGP Pro
  1. ^ Also available as a mini-tower
  2. ^ The Precision 490 shipped with 3 different motherboards: part numbers DT031, F9382, and GU083. All three motherboard revisions are capable of running Dual-Core 5100 Series Xeon processors, but not all support the 5300 series Quad-Core Xeons. Evidence suggests that some GU083 motherboards support Quad-Core.

Dual processor, tower form factor[edit]

ModelReleaseCPU SocketCPUFSB (MHz)ChipsetMemoryMax. memoryGraphicsUSB
Precision 7920[70]2017Dual LGA 3647Xeon Scalable Processors FamilyIntel C621DDR4 ECC1.5/3 TB4x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 750WUSB 3.1
Precision 7910[71]2014Dual LGA 2011-3Xeon E5-2600 v4Intel C612DDR4 ECC1 TB4x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 675WUSB 3.1
Precision T7610[72]2013Dual LGA 2011Xeon E5-2600 v2QPiIntel C602DDR3 ECC RDIMM ECC (Quad Channel)256GB or 512GB3x PCI-E x16 Gen3, up to 675WUSB 3.0
Precision T7600[73]2012Dual LGA 2011Xeon E5-2600 family 64-bit, up to eight-coresQPiIntel C600DDR3 ECC RDIMM (Quad Channel)512 GB3x PCI-E x16 Gen 2 or Gen 3, up to 675 WUSB 3.0
Precision T7500[74]2009Dual LGA 1366 [a]Xeon 5500 or 5600 series 64-bit, up to six-coresQPiIntel 5520DDR3 ECC RDIMM or DDR3 ECC Unbuffered DIMM (Three-channels) (unbuf = lower max mem)96 or 192 GB with riser cards2x PCI-E x16 Gen 2, up to 225 WUSB 2.0
Precision T7400[75]2007Dual LGA 771Xeon Dual-core 5200 or Quad-Core 5400 series 64-bit1333 or 1600Intel 5400DDR2 FB-DIMM (Quad Channel)64 or 128 GB with riser cards2x PCI-E x16 (SLI compatible), up to 225 WUSB 2.0
Precision 7820[76]2017Dual LGA 3647[a]Xeon Scalable Processors FamilyIntel C621DDR4 ECC384 GB2x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 500W (300W with dual CPU)USB 3.1
Precision T7810[77]2014Xeon E5-2600 v4Intel C612DDR4 RDIMM ECC2x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 300WUSB 3.0
Precision T5610[78]2013Dual LGA 2011Xeon E5-2600 v2QPiIntel C602RDIMM ECC2x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 300WUSB 3.0
Precision T5600[79]2012Dual LGA 2011Xeon E5-2600 family 64-bit, up to eight-coresQPiIntel C600DDR3 ECC RDIMM (Quad Channel)128 GB2x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 300WUSB 3.0
Precision T5500[80]2009Dual LGA 1366 [a]Xeon 5500 series 64-bit, up to four-cores

or Xeon 5600 series 64-bit, up to six-cores

QPiIntel 5520DDR3 ECC RDIMM or DDR3 ECC Unbuffered DIMM (Three-channels) (unbuf = lower max mem)48 or 72 GB with riser card2x PCI-E x16 Gen 2 (SLI compatible)USB 2.0
Precision T5400[81]2007Dual LGA 771Xeon Dual-core 5200 or Quad-Core 5400 series 64-bit1333Intel 5400DDR2 FB-DIMM (Quad Channel 256 bit)32 GB2x PCI-E x16 (SLI compatible)USB 2.0
Precision 690[82]2006Dual LGA 771Xeon Dual-core X5100 or Quad-Core X5300 series 64-bit[b]1066 or 1333Intel Greencreek 5000xDDR2 FB-DIMM (Quad Channel)64 GB with and without riser cardsPCI-E (SLI compatible with dual pci-e riser card & backplate)USB 1.1 / 2.0
Precision 670[83]2005Dual Socket 604Xeon Single-core (Nocona, Irwindale)
or Xeon dual-core (Paxville) 64-bit[c]
800Intel E7525DDR2-400 ECC16 GBPCI-EUSB 2.0
Precision 650[84]2002Dual Socket 604Xeon (NetBurst - Prestonia (C1 Stepping) 65W)533Intel E7505DDR-266 - ECC or non-ECC (Standard)4 GBAGP Pro110 (8x)USB 2.0
Precision 530[85]2001Dual Socket 603Xeon (Pentium 4 based)400Intel 860Rambus PC600 or PC8002 or 4 GB with riser cardsAGP Pro110 (4x)USB 1.1
Precision 620[86]2000Dual Slot 2Xeon (Pentium 3 based)133Intel i840Rambus PC800 RDRAM3 GB[87]AGP ProUSB 1.1
Precision 420[d][88]2000Dual Slot 1Pentium III133Intel 840Rambus PC800 RDRAM2 GBAGP Pro110 (4x)USB 1.1
Precision 220[89]2000Dual Slot 1Pentium III100 or 133Intel 820Rambus RDRAM1 GBAGP 4XUSB 1.1
Precision 610[90]1999Dual Slot 2Xeon (Pentium 2 or 3 based)100Intel 440GXPC100 SDRAM2 GBAGPUSB 1.1
Precision 410 MT[91]1998Pentium 2 or 3100Intel 440BXPC100 SDRAM1 GBAGPUSB 1.1
  1. Jump up to:a b c 2nd Socket with Daughterboard
  2. ^ Precision 690 motherboard part number MY171 board revision A02 supports Quad-core Xeon processors. System board numbers DT029 F9394, and MY171 board revision A00 and A01 do not support quad-core processors (for these, use Xeon 5000-series or 5100-series FSB 667Mhz Dual-core Xeon processors and PC2-4200 or PC2-5300 FBDIMM ECC RAM).
  3. ^ The Precision 670 shipped with different motherboards: part numbers X0392, HG593, FC840, MG022, MG024, MG026, U7565, Y9655 or XC837. Only the XC837 board supports the dual-core Paxville DP Xeon processor. The only Paxville CPU that works on the XC837 is the Paxville DP 2.80 GHz (Spec-Code SL8MA, See: List of Intel Xeon microprocessors#"Paxville DP" (90 nm)). You must upgrade the bios to version A07 before attempting to install a Paxville CPU.
  4. ^ Also available in a desktop version.

Rack-mounted[edit]

ModelReleaseCPU SocketCPUFSB (MHz)ChipsetMemoryMax. memoryGraphicsUSB
Precision 7920 Rack[92]2017Dual LGA 3647Xeon Scalable Processor family, up to 28-coresUPIIntel C621DDR4 ECC RDIMM (Quad Channel)1.5/3.0 TBUp to 3x PCI-E x16 Gen 3, up to 900 WUSB 3.1
Precision Rack 7910[93]2014Dual LGA 2011Xeon E5-2600 family 64-bit, up to 18-coresQPiIntel C612DDR4 ECC RDIMM (Quad Channel)768 GBUp to 3x PCI-E x16 Gen 2 or Gen 3, up to 600 WUSB 3.0
Precision R7610[94]2013Dual LGA 2011Xeon E5-2600 family 64-bit, up to 8-coresQPiIntel C600DDR3 ECC RDIMM (Quad Channel)256 GBUp to 3x PCI-E x16 Gen 2 or Gen 3, up to 600 WUSB 2.0
Precision R5500[95]2011Dual LGA 1366Xeon 5600 series 64-bit, up to 6-coresQPiIntel 5520DDR3 FB-DIMM (Quad Channel)192 GB2x PCI-E x16USB 2.0
Precision R5400[96]2010Dual LGA 771Xeon Dual-core 5200 or Quad-core 5400 series 64-bit1333Intel 5400DDR2 ECC FB-DIMM32 GB2x PCI-E x16USB 2.0
Precision Rack 3930[97]2017Single LGA 1151Xeon E family 64-bit, up to 6-coresQPiIntel C248DDR4 ECC RDIMM (dual Channel)64 GBUp to 2x PCI-E x16 Gen 2 or Gen 3, up to 600 WUSB 3.0

Dell Precision Series Comparability Chart List (Reference)



Reference Website: CompuRAM
https://www.compuram.biz/memory/dell/notebook/precision/

It is about 30 years ago that Dell developed its first PC. Since then it has become one of the most profitable suppliers of hardware and global solutions. The product range of this US company includes, among others, notebooks, PCs, servers, networking and storage systems and addresses the individual requirements of business and private customers.

With the Precision series Dell launched notebooks that are suitable as professional workstations in demanding business environments - with the advantage of optional mobile use. Thanks to its high performance, long battery life, mass storage capacity and scalability, Precision is a reliable companion - also when it comes to graphical or demanding analytics tasks - which provides an integrated docking solution.

Notebook Memory Upgrades for Dell Precision

Sunday, August 29, 2021

How fungi contribute to the ecosystem

 

 

Mycelium - The Future is Fungi

Mycelium - The Future is Fungi

They were here first...

Did you know that long before trees overtook the land, earth was covered by giant mushrooms. Researchers found that land plants had evolved on Earth by about 700 million years ago and land fungi by about 1,300 million years ago. The largest living organism in the world today is a honey fungus measuring 2.4 miles (3.8 km) across in the Blue Mountains in Oregon. 

mushroom.jpeg

 

So what's so special about fungi and how do they contribute to the ecosystem?

Fungi play an important role in energy cycling within, and between, ecosystems. Fungi are found in terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments, and are part of a diverse community of “decomposers” that break down dead plants and animals. Aside from fungi, this community includes bacteria, tiny invertebrates, such as nematodes, and larger invertebrates, like snails, beetles and earthworms. Fungi transform organic matter into forms that can be utilized by other decomposers, and into food for plants.

DECOMPOSITION

Fungi live everywhere that moisture is present. They can be found as single-celled organisms, like yeast, that are invisible to the naked eye, and as multiple-celled organisms, like mushrooms, that are made up of strands of cells called “hyphae.” Fungi are so widespread and numerous that they make up a large proportion of the biomass in any given ecosystem. Fungi play a very important part in the decomposition process, because they can break down tough organic materials, such as cellulose and lignin, which invertebrates find difficult to digest. Fungi release digestive enzymes that are used to metabolize complex organic compounds into soluble nutrients, such as simple sugars, nitrates and phosphates. Unlike animals, that digest food inside their bodies, fungi digest food outside of their “bodies” and then absorb the nutrients into their cells.

NUTRIENT CYCLING

Plants require nutrients for growth, but nutrients are seldom freely available in soil or water because they are locked up in insoluble compounds. Plants therefore rely on decomposers to provide them with soluble nutrients that can be taken up by roots. For instance nitrogen, one of the most important plant nutrients, is locked into proteins that are not easily taken up by plants -- although some plants have been shown to do so. Fungi metabolize proteins, and release inorganic forms of nitrogen, such as nitrate, that can easily be taken up by plant roots. In freshwater environments fungi are instrumental in the transfer of energy from riparian forest to aquatic ecosystems, by decomposing wood and leaf litter that fall into the water. In terrestrial systems, fungi transfer energy from above the ground, to below it, where it is recycled back to plants.

SYMBIOSIS

Some species of fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants. Mycorrhizal fungi are associated with plant roots. This relationship is mutually beneficial because fungi facilitate the transfer of nutrients from the soil into plant roots, and in turn receive carbon from the plant. Carbon is stored by fungi in the soil and therefore is not released as carbon dioxide. It was once thought that plants were the only source of carbon for mycorrhizal fungi. However, an article published in the May 2008 issue of “Functional Ecology” reveals that mycorrhizal fungi can actively decompose organic carbon, and therefore play a greater role in carbon loss and input from soil than previously thought. Lichens are another type of fungi that form a symbiotic relationship, but they do so with cyanobacteria. Lichens provide shelter for the bacteria, which in turn make energy and carbon for lichens via photosynthesis.

FOOD SOURCE

There are many animals that rely partially, or wholly, on fungi as a food source. Herbivorous mammals tend to be opportunistic fungus feeders, eating fungi if they come across it while browsing in the forest. However, for some animals fungi makes up a large part of their diets. Examples are the caribou, which relies heavily on tree lichens for food during the winter when leafy foods are not available, and the long-nosed potoroo, an Australian mammal whose diet consists almost entirely of fungal fruiting bodies. Many invertebrates also eat fungi, both opportunistically and actively. Stream invertebrates receive extra energy when they eat decaying leaves that have fungi growing on them. Banana slugs are commonly observed feeding on mushrooms and other fungi, which they appear to favor over other foods.

The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology. Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae) .

Mushroom's_roots_(mycélium).jpg

 

The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology. Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae) .

What is Mycelium?

The word mycelium literally means “more than one”. It is actually a plural form of the word Mycelia.  The word has New Latin and Greek origins and was first coined in text in the early 1800’s, and refers to the thread-like body of a fungus.  The main part of the fungus is the mycelia, which lives inside the substrate (wood, straw, grain, etc). The mushrooms that we eat are actually just a small visible part of the organism. In nature mushrooms "bloom" much like flowers do.  Like flowers, mushrooms bloom during certain times of the year when the conditions are just right.  To properly explain mycelium we have to get a little technical.

Mushrooms do not reproduce by seed or gather energy by photosynthesis like plants do.  They reproduce by means of spores.  These spores germinate to produce a mass of interwoven, single-cell wide structures known as hyphae.  Hyphae are sometimes also called Shiro.  Collectively, masses of hyphae are known as the mycelium. 

Fungus absorbs nutrients from its environment (substrate, log, etc) through its mycelium in a two-stage process.  First, the hyphae secrete enzymes into the decaying wood or other substrate. These enzymes break down biological polymers into smaller units such as monomers.   The mycelium then absorbs these monomers, using a combination of facilitated diffusion and active transport. 

Just like an apple on a tree the mushroom is a fruit of these reproducing fungi.  In nature the chances of mushroom spores germinating and then actually producing a mushroom are quite slim.  Everything has to be just right to actually produce a mushroom.  They don’t just grow everywhere at random.  This is why mushrooms are highly prized and hunted in the wild.  In our sterile laboratory however we can produce mushrooms that are free of contaminates.  Our mycologists cultivate a select species indoor where the mushroom mycelium can grow without the harsh environment nature sometimes provides.  

Cultures can be taken from spores or from the mushroom tissue itself.  In the process of germinating spores, many different strains are formed.  All strains however are not compatible with each other. In taking a culture from the tissue of a living mushroom, the cultivator preserves the exact genetic character of that specific mushroom.  This is also known as cloning.  When spores are used, a single strain must be singled out from the vast array of strains created.  In both cases, the end result is basically a network of cells.  This is the amazing mycelium, the actual organism that produces mushrooms.

Stop, observe and learn from mother nature, for she has an answer to everything.


FUNGI AS A BUILDING MATERIAL:

<br/>

 

MANUFACTURED WOOD MADE WITHOUT TREES:

<br/>


PLASTIC EATING FUNGI

<br/>

These examples are just a tip of the iceberg. Is the future a bio-based material world? We really hope so!

 

Mycelium_Mushrooms - The Future is Fungi

 The Mycelium_Mushrooms - The Future is Fungi


 

Mycelium - The Future is Fungi
The Conscious Club
October 31, 2017
Mycelium - The Future is Fungi
They were here first...
Source: https://thegreentemple.net/articles/mycelium-the-future-is-fungi

Did you know that long before trees overtook the land, earth was covered by giant mushrooms. Researchers found that land plants had evolved on Earth by about 700 million years ago and land fungi by about 1,300 million years ago. The largest living organism in the world today is a honey fungus measuring 2.4 miles (3.8 km) across in the Blue Mountains in Oregon.

 
So what's so special about fungi and how do they contribute to the ecosystem?

Fungi play an important role in energy cycling within, and between, ecosystems. Fungi are found in terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments, and are part of a diverse community of “decomposers” that break down dead plants and animals. Aside from fungi, this community includes bacteria, tiny invertebrates, such as nematodes, and larger invertebrates, like snails, beetles and earthworms. Fungi transform organic matter into forms that can be utilized by other decomposers, and into food for plants.
DECOMPOSITION

Fungi live everywhere that moisture is present. They can be found as single-celled organisms, like yeast, that are invisible to the naked eye, and as multiple-celled organisms, like mushrooms, that are made up of strands of cells called “hyphae.” Fungi are so widespread and numerous that they make up a large proportion of the biomass in any given ecosystem. Fungi play a very important part in the decomposition process, because they can break down tough organic materials, such as cellulose and lignin, which invertebrates find difficult to digest. Fungi release digestive enzymes that are used to metabolize complex organic compounds into soluble nutrients, such as simple sugars, nitrates and phosphates. Unlike animals, that digest food inside their bodies, fungi digest food outside of their “bodies” and then absorb the nutrients into their cells.
NUTRIENT CYCLING

Plants require nutrients for growth, but nutrients are seldom freely available in soil or water because they are locked up in insoluble compounds. Plants therefore rely on decomposers to provide them with soluble nutrients that can be taken up by roots. For instance nitrogen, one of the most important plant nutrients, is locked into proteins that are not easily taken up by plants -- although some plants have been shown to do so. Fungi metabolize proteins, and release inorganic forms of nitrogen, such as nitrate, that can easily be taken up by plant roots. In freshwater environments fungi are instrumental in the transfer of energy from riparian forest to aquatic ecosystems, by decomposing wood and leaf litter that fall into the water. In terrestrial systems, fungi transfer energy from above the ground, to below it, where it is recycled back to plants.

SYMBIOSIS:
Some species of fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants. Mycorrhizal fungi are associated with plant roots. This relationship is mutually beneficial because fungi facilitate the transfer of nutrients from the soil into plant roots, and in turn receive carbon from the plant. Carbon is stored by fungi in the soil and therefore is not released as carbon dioxide. It was once thought that plants were the only source of carbon for mycorrhizal fungi. However, an article published in the May 2008 issue of “Functional Ecology” reveals that mycorrhizal fungi can actively decompose organic carbon, and therefore play a greater role in carbon loss and input from soil than previously thought. Lichens are another type of fungi that form a symbiotic relationship, but they do so with cyanobacteria. Lichens provide shelter for the bacteria, which in turn make energy and carbon for lichens via photosynthesis.

FOOD SOURCE:
There are many animals that rely partially, or wholly, on fungi as a food source. Herbivorous mammals tend to be opportunistic fungus feeders, eating fungi if they come across it while browsing in the forest. However, for some animals fungi makes up a large part of their diets. Examples are the caribou, which relies heavily on tree lichens for food during the winter when leafy foods are not available, and the long-nosed potoroo, an Australian mammal whose diet consists almost entirely of fungal fruiting bodies. Many invertebrates also eat fungi, both opportunistically and actively. Stream invertebrates receive extra energy when they eat decaying leaves that have fungi growing on them. Banana slugs are commonly observed feeding on mushrooms and other fungi, which they appear to favor over other foods.
The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology. Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae) .
 

The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology. Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae) .
What is Mycelium?

The word mycelium literally means “more than one”. It is actually a plural form of the word Mycelia.  The word has New Latin and Greek origins and was first coined in text in the early 1800’s, and refers to the thread-like body of a fungus.  The main part of the fungus is the mycelia, which lives inside the substrate (wood, straw, grain, etc). The mushrooms that we eat are actually just a small visible part of the organism. In nature mushrooms "bloom" much like flowers do.  Like flowers, mushrooms bloom during certain times of the year when the conditions are just right.  To properly explain mycelium we have to get a little technical.

Mushrooms do not reproduce by seed or gather energy by photosynthesis like plants do.  They reproduce by means of spores.  These spores germinate to produce a mass of interwoven, single-cell wide structures known as hyphae.  Hyphae are sometimes also called Shiro.  Collectively, masses of hyphae are known as the mycelium.

Fungus absorbs nutrients from its environment (substrate, log, etc) through its mycelium in a two-stage process.  First, the hyphae secrete enzymes into the decaying wood or other substrate. These enzymes break down biological polymers into smaller units such as monomers.   The mycelium then absorbs these monomers, using a combination of facilitated diffusion and active transport.

Just like an apple on a tree the mushroom is a fruit of these reproducing fungi.  In nature the chances of mushroom spores germinating and then actually producing a mushroom are quite slim.  Everything has to be just right to actually produce a mushroom.  They don’t just grow everywhere at random.  This is why mushrooms are highly prized and hunted in the wild.  In our sterile laboratory however we can produce mushrooms that are free of contaminates.  Our mycologists cultivate a select species indoor where the mushroom mycelium can grow without the harsh environment nature sometimes provides.  

Cultures can be taken from spores or from the mushroom tissue itself.  In the process of germinating spores, many different strains are formed.  All strains however are not compatible with each other. In taking a culture from the tissue of a living mushroom, the cultivator preserves the exact genetic character of that specific mushroom.  This is also known as cloning.  When spores are used, a single strain must be singled out from the vast array of strains created.  In both cases, the end result is basically a network of cells.  This is the amazing mycelium, the actual organism that produces mushrooms.


Stop, observe and learn from mother nature, for she has an answer to everything.

Mycelium-Mushroom-Visions/Poem:
I have mushrooms growing on my "ceiling", each look like a "cherry", I give these mushroom "merit", reminds me of a psychedelic "bus", of course I am the "general" on this bus, there is also no "rent", mycelium is has a special foot-"print", many other mushrooms are "useless", I pick them from the "rural" regions, they are never "under" my feet, thereis a great "market" for mycelium in china, I always "discover" new mycelium locations,



Thursday, May 6, 2021

This is the Apache2 Defualt Index.html File Welcome Ppage

Apache2 Ubuntu Default Page: It works

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
It works!

'This is the Apache2 Defualt Index.html File Welcome Ppage' used to test the correct operation of the Apache2 server after installation on Ubuntu systems. It is based on the equivalent page on Debian, from which the Ubuntu Apache packaging is derived. If you can read this page, it means that the Apache HTTP server installed at this site is working properly. You should replace this file (located at /var/www/html/index.html) before continuing to operate your HTTP server.

If you are a normal user of this web site and don't know what this page is about, this probably means that the site is currently unavailable due to maintenance. If the problem persists, please contact the site's administrator.


Configuration Overview: 

Ubuntu's Apache2 default configuration is different from the upstream default configuration, and split into several files optimized for interaction with Ubuntu tools. 

The configuration system is fully documented in /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian.gz

Refer to this for the full documentation. Documentation for the web server itself can be found by accessing the manual if the apache2-doc package was installed on this server.

The configuration layout for an Apache2 web server installation on Ubuntu systems is as follows:

/etc/apache2/
|-- apache2.conf
|       `--  ports.conf
|-- mods-enabled
|       |-- *.load
|       `-- *.conf
|-- conf-enabled
|       `-- *.conf
|-- sites-enabled
|       `-- *.conf
          
  • apache2.conf is the main configuration file. It puts the pieces together by including all remaining configuration files when starting up the web server.
  • ports.conf is always included from the main configuration file. It is used to determine the listening ports for incoming connections, and this file can be customized anytime.
  • Configuration files in the mods-enabled/, conf-enabled/ and sites-enabled/ directories contain particular configuration snippets which manage modules, global configuration fragments, or virtual host configurations, respectively.
  • They are activated by symlinking available configuration files from their respective *-available/ counterparts. These should be managed by using our helpers a2enmod, a2dismod, a2ensite, a2dissite, and a2enconf, a2disconf . See their respective man pages for detailed information.
  • The binary is called apache2. Due to the use of environment variables, in the default configuration, apache2 needs to be started/stopped with /etc/init.d/apache2 or apache2ctl. Calling /usr/bin/apache2 directly will not work with the default configuration.
 
 
 Document Roots:  
 

By default, Ubuntu does not allow access through the web browser to any file apart of those located in /var/www, public_html directories (when enabled) and /usr/share (for web applications). If your site is using a web document root located elsewhere (such as in /srv) you may need to whitelist your document root directory in /etc/apache2/apache2.conf.

The default Ubuntu document root is /var/www/html. You can make your own virtual hosts under /var/www. This is different to previous releases which provides better security out of the box.

Reporting Problems

Please use the ubuntu-bug tool to report bugs in the Apache2 package with Ubuntu. However, check existing bug reports before reporting a new bug.

Please report bugs specific to modules (such as PHP and others) to respective packages, not to the web server itself.